Molecular and Serological Detection of Canine Distemper Virus (CDV) in Rural Dogs, Iran

Namroodi, Somayeh; Rostami, Amir; Majidzadeh-Ardebili, K; A, Ghalyanchi-Langroudi; Morovvati, Abbas

doi:10.21859/isv.7.1.2.37

Cited by 5 publications

(6 citation statements)

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“…The positivity rate of this technique in our study was 8.86%. In other studies, the molecular positivity was 15% in Iran [ 34 ], 21% in India [ 35 ], 24.88% in China [ 36 ], 30.66% in Hungary [ 37 ], and 73.74% in Argentina [ 38 ]. Many studies have confirmed the high sensitivity and specificity of RT-PCR in the detection of canine distemper virus in different clinical samples, including serum, urine, and conjunctival swabs, as well as in confirming sub-acute and chronic stages of the disease in cases of poor viral shedding [ 35 , 39 - 40 ].…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 95%

The first study on confirmation and risk factors of acute and chronic canine distemper in stray dogs in Wasit Province, Iraq, using enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay and reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction

2022

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Background and Aim: In Iraq, stray dogs represent a critical population of free-roaming animals, which probably play a role in the transmission of different infections to other animals. Canine distemper is one of the most growing viral threats to carnivores in many countries worldwide, including Iraq. Therefore, this study was aimed to diagnose the disease using serological and molecular assay and the role of risk factors in the spreading infection. Materials and Methods: In all, 158 venous blood samples were collected randomly from stray dogs in rural and sub-urban areas of Iraq from May 2019 to December 2020. The samples were examined serologically using two enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) kits, immunoglobulin G (IgG) and immunoglobulin M (IgM), and molecularly by reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR) to detect and confirm chronic and acute infections. To determine the association between infection and various risk factors, the study animals were divided according to their locations, sexes, and ages. The age groups were ≤8 months (puppy), 1-3 years (young), and ≥3 years (old/mature). Results: ELISA result shows that 6.96% and 19.62% of dogs were seropositive for acute and chronic distemper, respectively. The titer of chronic infections (0.421±0.027) was significantly higher (p≤0.025) than that of acute canine distemper (0.337±0.016). On RT-PCR, 8.86% of dogs were found positive for distemper. Using RT-PCR as the gold standard, the sensitivity and specificity of the IgM ELISA kit were 75% and 98.63%, respectively, whereas the positive and negative predictivity were 81.82% and 97.96%, respectively. A significant variation (p<0.05) was observed in the distribution of positive findings among the different epidemiological risk factors. Compared with rural areas, positivity was significantly higher (p<0.05) in sub-urban areas on IgM (26.92%) and IgG (64.15%) ELISA and RT-PCR (34.62%). On IgM ELISA and RT-PCR, no significant differences (p>0.05) were found among the three age groups; however, positivity was significantly higher (p≤0.048) in the ≥3 years group (22.73%) on IgG ELISA. Furthermore, only IgG ELISA showed a significantly higher (p≤0.032) positivity rate in female dogs (25.23%) than in male dogs (7.84%). Conclusion: To the best of our knowledge, this is the first Iraqi study to demonstrate acute and chronic canine distemper in stray dogs, suggesting that the prolonged shedding of virus from positive dogs is a critical point in the epidemiology of the disease. Additional studies in dogs or other carnivores are required to establish baseline data on the prevalence of the disease in Iraq.

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 95%

The first study on confirmation and risk factors of acute and chronic canine distemper in stray dogs in Wasit Province, Iraq, using enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay and reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction

2022

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“…Although real-time PCR test is an expensive one, it has begun to take the place of conventional PCR since it has a high specificity and sensitivity and requires no process following the reaction; thus the risk of contamination is low , Pawar et al 2011. In diagnosing CDV, quite many samples can be taken from animals such as blood (Shin et al 2004, ocular and nasal swab (Saito et al 2006, urine (Shin et al 2004), vaginal swab (Fischer et al 2013), lung (Headley et al 2000, Shin et al 2004, stomach (Headley et al 2000), kidney (Namroodi et al 2013) and bladder (Richter and Motze 1970) tissues. Kim et al (2006) detected positivity at an important high rate in ocular swab samples of seven dogs infected experimentally.…”

Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Detecting Canine Distemper Virus From Ocular Swab and Blood Samples of Dogs by Real-Time Rt-PCR Method

Hasırcıoğlu¹,

Aslım²

2021

Kocatepe Veterinary Journal

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CDV is a highly contagious, systemic and viral infection encountered all around the world. This study aimed to investigation of the the prevalence of CDV seen in dogs in Burdur. For this purpose, ocular swab and blood samples were taken from 65 CDV pre-diagnosed dogs that were brought into Mehmet Akif Ersoy University Veterinary Faculty clinics. Real-time RT-PCR method was applied on the subject samples in order to get a laboratory diagnosis of CDV. In total, 42 of these, 16 from blood and 26 from ocular swab, were detected as positive by real-time RT-PCR. Nine of them were detected as positive both in ocular swab and blood samples. In addition, 11 of 42 samples (33 animals) detected as positive by real-time RT-PCR were already known to have been taken from dogs vaccinated against CDV previously. In the study, test results of the samples taken from diseased dogs and their relations with vaccine history were evaluated statistically as well. In the light of these results, it is recommended to use ocular swab samples as materials in diagnosing CDV and examining all animals (including those vaccinated) with clinical findings in terms of this infection so as to confine the disease.

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“…(12)(13)(14)(15) Numerous studies report the prevalence of the distemper in different countries. (16)(17)(18)(19)(20)(21) In most of these reports, the prevalence of the disease has been evaluated by serological methods, but there are few reports that reveal the accurate fatality and mortality rates of distemper in dogs. One study on necropsy cases reported that 11.7 % of patients were due to distemper.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Evaluation of the anti-Newcastle disease vaccine serum on dogs with canine distemper

2022

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Distemper is a contagious, highly lethal, and almost incurable viral disease in dogs and other terrestrial carnivores. This study evaluated a new distemper treatment for dogs. Two healthy male dogs of mixed breed were prepared. A 1 000-dose vial of Newcastle disease vaccine was then diluted with 6 mL normal saline and 3 mL of it was injected into the cephalic vein of each dog, collecting 20 % of the blood volume 11 h later. Blood sera were separated and used as anti-Newcastle disease vaccine serum (ANDVS) to treat dogs suspected of having canine distemper. Dogs with confirmed distemper were grouped into the following seven treatment groups: 1- ANDVS; 2- ANDVS + Cotrimoxazole; 3- ANDVS + Penicillin-Gentamicin; 4- ANDVS + Cefazolin-Amikacin; 5- Cotrimoxazole; 6- Penicillin-Gentamycin; 7- Cefazolin-Amikacin. Then the fatality rate of dogs, association between distemper and sex, breed, age, and effects of distemper on hematological factors and vital signs were evaluated. The recovery rates in the ANDVS+ Cotrimoxazole and the ANDVS+ Cefazolin-Amikacin groups were higher than those in the ANDVS group (P < 0.05). Fatality rate was significantly different in distemper-positive and distemper-negative dogs. It is concluded that although ANDVS alone has no effect on the treatment of distemper, it can increase the recovery rate when combined with cotrimoxazole or cefazolin + amikacin as compared with the sole use of these antibiotics.

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Molecular and Serological Detection of Canine Distemper Virus (CDV) in Rural Dogs, Iran

Cited by 5 publications

References 10 publications

The first study on confirmation and risk factors of acute and chronic canine distemper in stray dogs in Wasit Province, Iraq, using enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay and reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction

The first study on confirmation and risk factors of acute and chronic canine distemper in stray dogs in Wasit Province, Iraq, using enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay and reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction

Detecting Canine Distemper Virus From Ocular Swab and Blood Samples of Dogs by Real-Time Rt-PCR Method

Evaluation of the anti-Newcastle disease vaccine serum on dogs with canine distemper

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