Detection and Quantification of Tire Particles in Sediments Using a Combination of Simultaneous Thermal Analysis, Fourier Transform Infra-Red, and Parallel Factor Analysis

Mengistu, Demmelash; Nilsen, Vegard; Heistad, Arve; Kvaal, Knut

doi:10.3390/ijerph16183444

Cited by 19 publications

(14 citation statements)

References 30 publications

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“…However, further investigations of the applicability of this method for matrices with high concentrations of impurities, such as natural organic matter, are needed. Mengistu et al (2019) utilized a simultaneous thermal analyzer, a TGA interfaced with a FTIR, to systematically evaluate responses from tire granules and sediments amended with tire granules. Here, both sample mass losses over a temperature and time program and IR spectral information were obtained.…”

Section: Thermal Analysis Techniquesmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…The authors noted that most tire wear particles exhibited rounded, elongated shapes, with adhering road and brake wear particles. Mengistu et al (2019) developed a method for detection and quantification of tire wear particles in sediments that entails the use of FTIR, simultaneous thermal analysis (STA), and parallel factor analysis (PARAFAC). STA and FTIR were first used to generate data matrices, which then provided data for the PARAFAC.…”

Section: Tire Particlesmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…PARAFAC was used to decompose the overlying components in the spectral data into groups of substances for easier analysis. Mengistu et al (2019) speculated that with further development and incorporation of PARAFAC with FTIR analysis, the method proposed could be automated for faster analysis of tire wear particles in sediment samples.…”

Section: Tire Particlesmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Analytical Chemistry of Plastic Debris: Sampling, Methods, and Instrumentation

Hale

Seeley

King

et al. 2021

Environmental Contamination Remediation and Management

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Approaches for the collection and analysis of plastic debris in environmental matrices are rapidly evolving. Such plastics span a continuum of sizes, encompassing large (macro-), medium (micro-, typically defined as particles between 1 μm and 5 mm), and smaller (nano-) plastics. All are of environmental relevance. Particle sizes are dynamic. Large plastics may fragment over time, while smaller particles may agglomerate in the field. The diverse morphologies (fragment, fiber, sphere) and chemical compositions of microplastics further complicate their characterization. Fibers are of growing interest and present particular analytical challenges due to their narrow profiles. Compositional classes of emerging concern include tire wear, paint chips, semisynthetics (e.g., rayon), and bioplastics. Plastics commonly contain chemical additives and fillers, which may alter their toxicological potency, behavior (e.g., buoyancy), or detector response (e.g., yield fluorescence) during analysis. Field sampling methods often focus on >20 μm and even >300 μm sized particles and will thus not capture smaller microplastics (which may be most abundant and bioavailable). Analysis of a limited subgroup (selected polymer types, particle sizes, or shapes) of microplastics, while often operationally necessary, can result in an underestimation of actual sample content. These shortcomings complicate calls for toxicological studies of microplastics to be based on “environmentally relevant concentrations.” Sample matrices of interest include water (including wastewater, ice, snow), sediment (soil, dust, wastewater sludge), air, and biota. Properties of the environment, and of the particles themselves, may concentrate plastic debris in select zones (e.g., gyres, shorelines, polar ice, wastewater sludge). Sampling designs should consider such patchy distributions. Episodic releases due to weather and anthropogenic discharges should also be considered. While water grab samples and sieving are commonplace, novel techniques for microplastic isolation, such as continuous flow centrifugation, show promise. The abundance of nonplastic particulates (e.g., clay, detritus, biological material) in samples interferes with microplastic detection and characterization. Their removal is typically accomplished using a combination of gravity separation and oxidative digestion (including strong bases, peroxide, enzymes); unfortunately, aggressive treatments may damage more labile plastics. Microscope-based infrared or Raman detection is often applied to provide polymer chemistry and morphological data for individual microplastic particles. However, the sheer number of particles in many samples presents logistical hurdles. In response, instruments have been developed that employ detector arrays and rapid scanning lasers. The addition of dyes to stain particulates may facilitate spectroscopic detection of some polymer types. Most researchers provide microplastic data in the form of the abundances of polymer types within particle size, polymer, and morphology classes. Polymer mass data in samples remain rare but are essential to elucidating fate. Rather than characterizing individual particles in samples, solvent extraction (following initial sample prep, such as sediment size class sorting), combined with techniques such as thermoanalysis (e.g., pyrolysis), has been used to generate microplastic mass data. However, this may obviate the acquisition of individual particle morphology and compositional information. Alternatively, some techniques (e.g., electron and atomic force microscopy and matrix-assisted laser desorption mass spectrometry) are adept at providing highly detailed data on the size, morphology, composition, and surface chemistry of select particles. Ultimately, the analyst must select the approach best suited for their study goals. Robust quality control elements are also critical to evaluate the accuracy and precision of the sampling and analysis techniques. Further, improved efforts are required to assess and control possible sample contamination due to the ubiquitous distribution of microplastics, especially in indoor environments where samples are processed.

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Section: Thermal Analysis Techniquesmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Tire Particlesmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Analytical Chemistry of Plastic Debris: Sampling, Methods, and Instrumentation

Hale

Seeley

King

et al. 2021

Environmental Contamination Remediation and Management

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“…For the spectroscopic characterization of TWPs, we used a spectrophotometer (Jasco, model FT/IR-4100, ATR mode; 4,000 to 600 cm −1 , resolution of 4 cm −1 ) (Supplementary Figure S1). The infrared spectrum showed several bands at wavenumber 2919, 2,850, 1,440, and 1,374 cm −1 , which are considered markers for ethylene propylene diene monomer and natural rubber, and the band at 963 cm −1 is a fingerprint marker for styrene butadiene rubber (Mengistu et al, 2019).…”

Section: Preparation and Characterization Of Twpsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Time-Dependent Toxicity of Tire Particles on Soil Nematodes

Kim

Leifheit

Maaß

et al. 2021

Front. Environ. Sci.

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Tire-wear particles (TWPs) are being released into the environment by wearing down during car driving, and are considered an important microplastic pollution source. The chemical additive leaching from these polymer-based materials and its potential effects are likely temporally dynamic, since amounts of potentially toxic compounds can gradually increase with contact time of plastic particles with surrounding media. In the present study, we conducted soil toxicity tests using the soil nematode Caenorhabditis elegans with different soil pre-incubation (30 and 75 days) and exposure (short-term exposure, 2 days; lifetime exposure, 10 days) times. Soil pre-incubation increased toxicity of TWPs, and the effective concentrations after the pre-incubation were much lower than environmentally relevant concentrations. The lifetime of C. elegans was reduced faster in the TWP treatment groups, and the effective concentration for lifetime exposure tests were 100- to 1,000-fold lower than those of short-term exposure tests. Water-extractable metal concentrations (Cr, Cu, Ni, Pb, and Zn) in the TWP-soils showed no correlation with nominal TWP concentrations or pre-incubation times, and the incorporated metals in the TWPs may be not the main reason of toxicity in this study. Our results show that toxic effects of TWPs can be time-dependent, both in terms of the microplastic particles themselves and their interactions in the soil matrix, but also because of susceptibility of target organisms depending on developmental stage. It is vital that future works consider these aspects, since otherwise effects of microplastics and TWPs could be underestimated.

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“…We then used the method to characterize MNPs released from nylon tea bags that had been steeped in water at 25 and 95 °C. Finally, IR-PHI was used to characterize the chemical identity of single MNPs detected in road dust, an environmentally complex sample containing polymers particles from tread wear of tire thermoplastics. − …”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Using Infrared Photothermal Heterodyne Imaging to Characterize Micro- and Nanoplastics in Complex Environmental Matrices

Kniazev

Pavlovetc

Zhang

et al. 2021

Environ. Sci. Technol.

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A key challenge for addressing micro-and nanoplastics (MNPs) in the environment is being able to characterize their chemical properties, morphologies, and quantities in complex matrices. Current techniques, such as Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy, provide these broad characterizations but are unsuitable for studying MNPs in spectrally congested or complex chemical environments. Here, we introduce a new, superresolution infrared absorption technique to characterize MNPs, called infrared photothermal heterodyne imaging (IR-PHI). IR-PHI has a spatial resolution of ∼300 nm and can determine the chemical identity, morphology, and quantity of MNPs in a single analysis with high sensitivity. Specimens are supported on CaF 2 coverslips under ambient conditions from where we (1) quantify MNPs from nylon tea bags after steeping in ultrapure water at 25 and 95 °C, (2) identify MNP chemical or morphological changes after steeping at 95 °C, and (3) chemically identify MNPs in sieved road dust. In all cases, no special sample preparation was required. MNPs released from nylon tea bags at 25 °C were fiber-like and had characteristic IR frequencies corresponding to thermally extruded nylon. At 95 °C, degradation of the nylon chemical structure was observed via the disappearance of amide group IR frequencies, indicating chain scission of the nylon backbone. This degradation was also observed through morphological changes, where MNPs altered shape from fiber-like to quasi-spherical. In road dust, IR-PHI analysis reveals the presence of numerous aggregate and single-particle (<3 μm) MNPs composed of rubber and nylon.

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Detection and Quantification of Tire Particles in Sediments Using a Combination of Simultaneous Thermal Analysis, Fourier Transform Infra-Red, and Parallel Factor Analysis

Cited by 19 publications

References 30 publications

Analytical Chemistry of Plastic Debris: Sampling, Methods, and Instrumentation

Analytical Chemistry of Plastic Debris: Sampling, Methods, and Instrumentation

Time-Dependent Toxicity of Tire Particles on Soil Nematodes

Using Infrared Photothermal Heterodyne Imaging to Characterize Micro- and Nanoplastics in Complex Environmental Matrices

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