Detection and quantification of HIV-1 in semen: identification of a subpopulation of men at high potential risk of viral sexual transmission

Tachet, Anne; Dulioust, Emmanuel; Salmon, Dominique; M, de Almeida; Rivalland, S; Finkielsztejn, Laurent; Heard, Isabelle; Jouannet, Pierre; Sicard, Didier; Rouzioux, Christine

doi:10.1097/00002030-199905070-00012

Cited by 145 publications

(97 citation statements)

References 30 publications

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“…Blood and semen RNA viral load (VL) 4 was measured using the Versant HIV-1 RNA 3.0 assay (bDNA; Bayer Diagnostics) because RT-PCR-based assays have been found to be inhibited by semen constituents in other studies (30). VLs were either measured directly in blood and seminal plasma or in the supernatant of semen samples collected into RPMI 1640.…”

Section: Hiv-1 Shedding In Semenmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Second, the virus must cross the mucosal epithelium of the uninfected partner and establish persistent infection. Previous investigations have found a strong association between levels of virus in blood and the probability of transmitting HIV-1 to a monogamous sex partner (2), and this likely relates to the fact that the amount of virus in the genital tract tends to correlate with levels in the blood plasma (3)(4)(5)(6). Despite the correlation between levels of virus in the blood and genital tract, some individuals may shed disproportionately high or low levels of HIV-1 in the semen in comparison to blood, a phenomenon that may have profound public health implications (4,7).…”

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confidence: 99%

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HIV-Specific CD8+ Lymphocytes in Semen Are Not Associated with Reduced HIV Shedding

Sheth¹,

Danesh

Shahabi³

et al. 2005

The Journal of Immunology

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Sexual contact with HIV-infected semen is a major driving force behind the global HIV pandemic. Little is known regarding the immune correlates of virus shedding in this compartment, although HIV-1-specific CD8+ T cells are present in semen. We collected blood and semen from 27 chronically HIV-infected, therapy-naive men without common sexually transmitted infections or urethral inflammation and measured HIV-1 RNA viral load and cytokine/chemokine levels in both compartments. HIV-1 RNA levels were 10-fold higher in blood than semen, but discordantly high semen shedding was associated with higher semen levels of the proinflammatory cytokines IL-6, IL-8, IL-12, and IFN-γ. Virus-specific CD8+ T cell epitopes were mapped in blood by IFN-γ ELISPOT, using an overlapping HIV-1 clade B peptide matrix, and blood and semen CD8+ T cell responses were then assayed ex vivo using intracellular IFN-γ staining. HIV-specific CD8+ responses were detected in 70% of semen samples, and their frequency was similar to or higher than blood. There was no correlation between the presence of virus-specific CD8+ T cells in semen and levels of HIV-1 RNA shedding. Among participants with detectable CD8+ IFN-γ semen responses, their relative frequency was not associated with reduced HIV-1 RNA shedding, and their absolute number was correlated with higher levels of HIV-1 RNA semen shedding (r = 0.6; p = 0.03) and of several proinflammatory cytokines. Neither the presence nor the frequency of semen HIV-specific CD8+ T cell IFN-γ responses in semen correlated with reduced levels of HIV RNA in semen.

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Section: Hiv-1 Shedding In Semenmentioning

confidence: 99%

mentioning

confidence: 99%

HIV-Specific CD8+ Lymphocytes in Semen Are Not Associated with Reduced HIV Shedding

Sheth¹,

Danesh

Shahabi³

et al. 2005

The Journal of Immunology

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“…Phylogenetic studies have established that HIV in semen arises from local sources within the male genital tract and/or from passive diffusion via the blood [2][3][4] (previous references in Le Tortorec and Dejucq-Rainsford 5 ). The existence of productive sources in the male genital tract is further substantiated through observations of several differences between blood and semen, including i) detection of persistent infectious HIV in the semen of 5% to 30% of men with undetectable blood viral load receiving fully suppressive antiretroviral therapy [5][6][7][8][9] ; ii) higher viral load in semen in a subpopulation of treatment-naïve men 10 ; iii) different rates, kinetics of emergence, and diversity of drug-resistant strains 4,11,12 ; and iv) different ratio of infected versus noninfected leukocytes. 13 At present, the nature of the sources of HIV in the male genital tract remains unclear.…”

mentioning

confidence: 99%

Human Immunodeficiency Virus Infects Human Seminal Vesicles in Vitro and in Vivo

Deléage

Moreau

Rioux‐Leclercq

et al. 2011

The American Journal of Pathology

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1 the precise origins of the infected leukocytes and free viral particles contaminating the seminal plasma remain unclear. Phylogenetic studies have established that HIV in semen arises from local sources within the male genital tract and/or from passive diffusion via the blood 2-4 (previous references in Le Tortorec and Dejucq-Rainsford 5 ). The existence of productive sources in the male genital tract is further substantiated through observations of several differences between blood and semen, including i) detection of persistent infectious HIV in the semen of 5% to 30% of men with undetectable blood viral load receiving fully suppressive antiretroviral therapy [5][6][7][8][9] ; ii) higher viral load in semen in a subpopulation of treatment-naïve men 10 ; iii) different rates, kinetics of emergence, and diversity of drug-resistant strains 4,11,12 ; and iv) different ratio of infected versus noninfected leukocytes. 13At present, the nature of the sources of HIV in the male genital tract remains unclear. This knowledge is crucial to the understanding of the biology of HIV sexual transmission and to the design of targeted therapies for eradicating HIV from semen.Semen is composed of secretions and cells from the testes, epididymides, prostate, seminal vesicles, and bulbo urethral glands. Vasectomy has little effect on seminal shedding of HIV-1 RNA, 14 which suggests that the testes and epididymides are not the primary sources of HIV particles in semen. The seminal vesicles, the secretions of which represent more than 60% of the seminal fluid, could be an important source of seminal HIV. We recently demonstrated that the seminal vesicles of asymptomatic macaques are productively infected by simian immunodeficiency virus (SIV) in vivo and, together with the prostate, exhibit the highest level of infection among the male genital tract organs in this animal model. 15 To date, infection of human seminal vesicles by HIV has not been reported.

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“…Diese Befunde sprechen dafür, dass bei einem Teil der chronisch Infizierten eine aktive Virusreplikation im Genitaltrakt stattfindet. Bemerkenswert ist, dass sich die beiden Gruppen hinsichtlich des Ausmaßes der Immunsuppression, der mittleren Viruslast im Blutplasma und der Behandlung mit antiretroviralen Substanzen nicht voneinander unterschieden [6].…”

Section: Discussionunclassified

Risiken und Wege der HIV-Übertragung

Marcus¹

2000

Bundesgesundheitsblatt - Gesundheitsforschung - Gesundheitsschu

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Detection and quantification of HIV-1 in semen: identification of a subpopulation of men at high potential risk of viral sexual transmission

Cited by 145 publications

References 30 publications

HIV-Specific CD8+ Lymphocytes in Semen Are Not Associated with Reduced HIV Shedding

HIV-Specific CD8+ Lymphocytes in Semen Are Not Associated with Reduced HIV Shedding

Human Immunodeficiency Virus Infects Human Seminal Vesicles in Vitro and in Vivo

Risiken und Wege der HIV-Übertragung

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