Detection and Diagnosis of Breast Diseases

Abstract

Cancer is a disease that starts in a localized organ or tissue and then grows out of control. Breast cancer is an important health problem as in the Western world; it is the second most frequent cause of cancer death in women (after lung cancer). The incidence rate, however, rises dramatically over the age of 50 years. This is may be due to several risk factors, such as family history, genetics, early menstruation, late menopause, and other factors, that have not yet been identiied. The problems of breast diseases have prompted global governments to put constant eforts to increase patient's recovery level against this disease. Early and accurate detection with mass screening programs helps improves a woman's chances for successful treatment. It also minimizes pain, sufering, and anxiety that surround patients and their families. The current and the most cost-efective technique used for screening and diagnosis of breast cancer is X-ray mammography. It is the state-of-the-art for earlier detection to improve both prognosis and survival rate. This is may be due to its good availability, high sensitivity, and relatively low cost/patient. The goal of this chapter is to introduce the problems caused by breast cancer. Starting with an overview of the requirement for breast tumor imaging and the diagnostic techniques used for breast cancer assessment are briely described, highlighting the advantages and disadvantages of each technique. In addition, the problems associated with a relatively new functional breast imaging technique namely scintimammography were introduced and discussed. The intention that the chapter provide the reader with suicient background on the available diagnostic techniques of breast tumor imaging approach, as well as an overview of the literature.

Breast Cancer MRI Classification Based on Fractional Entropy Image Enhancement and Deep Feature Extraction

“…It measures the variation in density between normal breast features and pathological tissue texture to produce the mammographic images. These images are used to evaluate and assess the entire breast as well as characteristics, size and location of the suspicious area in the breast 5 . However, the utilization of mammography may increase the probability of cell damage and change the base of DNA due to expose radiation in a high sensitive tissue such as the breast 6, 7 .…”

“…Therefore, in clinical routine, once a breast cancer is detected by screening mammography or by physical exam, complementary imaging modalities are required to provide additional diagnostic information, achieve a high confidence and accurate diagnostic decision 8 . Over the last two decades, US and MRI have emerged as potential investigations for the detection and diagnosis of breast cancer 5 . US is a noninvasive imaging technology, uses high frequency acoustic waves that reflect at boundaries with different acoustic properties.…”

“…However, it has also number of limitations that associate with the overlapping in sonographic characteristics such as failure in discriminating both micro and macro calcifications in ductal carcinoma in situ (DCIS). Moreover, solid lesions especially in fatty breast could be missed and if detected, cannot determine whether a solid mass is benign or malignant 5,8 . MRI is a nonionizing and a highly sensitive tomographic functional technology that may be utilized effectively for screening pathological breast when diagnosing with mammography is uncertain and increasing the number of screenings per year for patients at high risk for breast cancer 5,9 .…”

Investigation of The New Generation Detector System Using in Medical Image

“…Kadınlarda meme yaşa bağlı olarak lifli bez dokuda farklı yoğunluk gösterir, ayrıca boyutu, şekli her kadında farklı olduğu gibi hamilelik, emzirme ve adet gibi dönemlerde de değişikliklere uğrar. Postmenopozal dönemlerde de göğüsteki yağ doku miktarı oldukça fazladır, bu da X-ışınının (mamografi) çok daha etkili olması demektir ve bunun sonucunda daha karanlık bir medikal görüntü oluşur [6]. Memedeki doku yoğunluğunun farklılığından dolayı normal göğüs dokusu ile kanserli lezyonların ayırt edilmesi mamografi ile imkansız hale gelir [6][7][8].…”

“…Postmenopozal dönemlerde de göğüsteki yağ doku miktarı oldukça fazladır, bu da X-ışınının (mamografi) çok daha etkili olması demektir ve bunun sonucunda daha karanlık bir medikal görüntü oluşur [6]. Memedeki doku yoğunluğunun farklılığından dolayı normal göğüs dokusu ile kanserli lezyonların ayırt edilmesi mamografi ile imkansız hale gelir [6][7][8]. Bu durumda biyopsi gibi ikinci bir tanıya ihtiyaç duyulur ki bu hasta için çok stresli ve pahalıdır [7].…”