Detection and characterization of Swinepox virus from pig population of Assam, a North Eastern state of India

Bora, Durlav Prasad; Borah, Biswajyoti; Bora, Mousumi; Kakati, Parikshit; Nehar, Samsun; Dutta, Lakshya Jyoti; Mech, Puja; Barman, Nagendra Nath; Venkatesan, Gnanavel; Reddy, G.B. Manjunatha; Das, S. K.

doi:10.18805/ijar.b-3352

Cited by 7 publications

(5 citation statements)

References 10 publications

(14 reference statements)

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“…In the most recently described outbreak in Italy, the source of SWPV infection could not be demonstrated, but a role in the transmission of the disease within the farm was attributed to H. suis, which was parasitizing the animals [ 18 ]. In two outbreaks in the northeast of India, the entire body of the affected animals was found to be heavily infected with swine lice [ 7 ]. Similarly, in five swinepox outbreaks in northeastern Brazil, affected backyard pigs from herds with poor hygienic conditions presented with severe fly and lice infestations [ 12 ].…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Its main mode of transmission is through the biting of the pig louse Haematopinus suis , which acts as a mechanical vector; however, direct animal contact and congenital transmission have also been reported [ 2 , 3 , 4 ]. Swinepox was first described as a disease of domestic pigs in Europe in 1842 [ 5 ] and in the USA in 1929 [ 6 ], but outbreaks have subsequently been found in pigs also in Africa, Asia, Australia and South America [ 7 , 8 , 9 , 10 , 11 , 12 , 13 ]. It is commonly associated with poor sanitation [ 4 ], since the virus shows a high environmental stability and is very resistant to drying, as all poxviruses are [ 14 ].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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First Report of Swinepox in a Wild Boar in Italy: Pathologic and Molecular Findings

et al. 2023

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Swinepox virus (SWPV) is responsible for sporadic acute poxvirus infections in swine worldwide, causing a pathognomonic eruptive proliferative dermatitis. Beside direct and congenital transmission, the pig louse Haematopinus suis acts as a mechanical vector and favors virus infection through skin lesions. Infections are generally described in domestic pigs, while only a few cases have been reported in wild boars, in Austria and Germany. In September 2022, SWPV infection was suspected at post-mortem examination of a wild boar piglet with characteristic lesions in Liguria, Northwest Italy. The piglet was heavily parasitized by swine lice (H. suis). SWPV was then confirmed by histological and molecular analyses. Possible viral co-infections were also investigated (African swine fever virus, classical swine fever virus, parvovirus, circovirus, Aujeszky’s disease virus and hepatitis E virus). This article describes gross and histopathologic features of SWPV infection, differential diagnosis, and potential vector-borne transmission to domestic pigs, presenting a brief review of the literature on the topic. SWPV infection is reported in wild boars in Italy for the first time. The finding of SWPV in a wild boar in an area with a very limited pig population may suggest the existence of a “wildlife cycle” in the area. Further investigations are needed to understand the real risk of transmission of SWPV to domestic pigs as well as the role of other arthropod vectors.

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

First Report of Swinepox in a Wild Boar in Italy: Pathologic and Molecular Findings

et al. 2023

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“…1a) which later coalesced to form large pustular lesions along with secondary bacterial infection. Various workers have reported similar clinical findings in swinepox affected animals [5,6,10,19]. Animals showing these clinical signs were diagnosed as SWPV infections and scab samples were collected from different districts/ outbreaks (Lakhimpur, Kamrup and Karbi Anglong) of Assam for laboratory confirmation as well as isolation and molecular characterization of the virus.…”

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confidence: 87%

“…Swinepox was reported from India for the first time in 1987 by Manickam and Mohan [12] after which sporadic cases have been reported from time to time [10,19]. The incidence and prevalence of swinepox virus has recently been reported from the north eastern part of the country [5]. However, research on swinepox virus has not so far been carried out in greater detail as compared to other poxviruses from India.…”

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confidence: 99%

Identification of swinepox virus from natural outbreaks in pig population of Assam

Mech¹,

Bora²,

Neher³

et al. 2018

VirusDis.

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Outbreaks of swinepox [caused by a swinepox virus (SWPV)] in pigs were investigated in 3 districts of Assam, a north eastern state of India. Diagnosis of the disease was carried out employing both standard virological as well as molecular methods. Three representative isolates from different places were selected for inoculation into confluent monolayers of Porcine Kidney-15 (PK-15) cell line. The cytopathic effects were characterized by cell rounding, nuclear vacuolation, cell fusion, granulation of cells and finally detachment from third blind passage onwards. The three genes viz., SPV18-20 and P42 of SWPV was targeted for confirmation of the virus. Swinepox virus was successfully adapted to the PK-15 cell line from seventh passage onwards. The isolated viruses were characterized by sequencing and phylogenetic analysis of P42 gene (extracellular envelope protein), a homologue of vaccinia virus F13L gene. In India, studies on swine pox are very limited. This is the first report on successful isolation of swinepox virus from north eastern region of India. Assam and the other north-eastern states of India being a hub for pig husbandry, isolation of swinepox virus will help in developing and formulating control strategies against the disease.

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“…Swinepox is a contagious general infection of pigs, characterized by the appearance of pox lesions on the skin of animals similar to smallpox lesions in humans [1]. At various times, the disease has been reported in different swine-raising countries, including Brazil, India, and European and North American countries, and it has been associated with economic losses [1][2][3][4][5][6][7][8][9][10][11][12][13][14]. It has been shown from previous research that the disease is agerelated.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Isolation and Characterization of Swinepox Virus from Outbreak in Russia

Koltsov

Сухер

Kholod

et al. 2023

Animals

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Swinepox virus (SWPV) is the only member of the Suipoxvirus genus of the Poxviridae family and is an etiologic agent of a worldwide disease specific for domestic and wild pigs. SWPV outbreaks are sporadically recorded in different regions of Russia. In 2013, an outbreak of the disease causing skin lesions was registered on a pig farm in Russia. The presence of SWPV in the scab samples was assessed by in-house real-time PCR, reference PCR amplification, and nucleotide sequencing of the viral late transcription factor-3 (VLTF-3) gene and was then confirmed by virus isolation. Thus, the in-house real-time PCR proposed in this study could serve as a useful tool for the rapid specific detection of the swinepox virus. In the study, it has been demonstrated for the first time that nasal and oral swabs can be used for PCR diagnosis of the disease and for swinepox virus isolation. Phylogenetic analysis revealed that the isolated virus was closely related to SWPV isolates registered in Germany, USA, and Brazil, and slightly differed from the Indian isolates. During experimental infection of pigs, a low pathogenicity of the Russian isolate was observed. Our data provides the first report on the isolation and characterization of swinepox virus in Russia.

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Detection and characterization of Swinepox virus from pig population of Assam, a North Eastern state of India

Cited by 7 publications

References 10 publications

First Report of Swinepox in a Wild Boar in Italy: Pathologic and Molecular Findings

First Report of Swinepox in a Wild Boar in Italy: Pathologic and Molecular Findings

Identification of swinepox virus from natural outbreaks in pig population of Assam

Isolation and Characterization of Swinepox Virus from Outbreak in Russia

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