Detecting Viruses in Water

Hurst, Christon J.; Benton, William H.; Stetler, Ronald E.

doi:10.1002/j.1551-8833.1989.tb03273.x

Cited by 24 publications

(9 citation statements)

References 108 publications

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“…The flocks with adsorbed viruses are then recovered and processed further as described earlier. However, according to several reports the technique is not well-suited for phages (Hurst et al, 1989;Payment et al, 1989). This may largely be due to inactivation of phages by exposure to the low pH level (Dahling and Wright, 1986;Jothikumar et al, 1990).…”

Section: Secondary Concentration Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Bacteriophages: update on application as models for viruses in water

Grabow¹

2004

WSA

184

230

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Phages are valuable models or surrogates for enteric viruses because they share many fundamental properties and features. Among these are structure, composition, morphology, size and site of replication. Even though they use different host cells, coliphages and Bacteroides fragilis phages predominantly replicate in the gastro-intestinal tract of humans and warm-blooded animals where enteric viruses also replicate. A major advantage of phages is that, compared to viruses, they are detectable by simple, inexpensive and rapid techniques. In view of these features, phages are particularly useful as models to assess the behaviour and survival of enteric viruses in the environment, and as surrogates to assess the resistance of human viruses to water treatment and disinfection processes. Since there is no direct correlation between numbers of phages and viruses, phages cannot to a meaningful extent be used to indicate numbers of viruses in polluted water. The presence of phages typically associated with human and animal excreta indicates the potential presence of enteric viruses. However, the absence of these phages from water environments is generally a meaningful indication of the absence of enteric viruses. This is because phages such as somatic coliphages, F-RNA coliphages and B. fragilis phages generally outnumber enteric viruses in water environments, and they are at least as resistant to unfavourable conditions including those in water treatment and disinfection processes. However, using highly sensitive molecular techniques viruses have been detected in drinking water supplies which yielded negative results in conventional tests for phages. Initially, data on phages were rather confusing because a wide variety of techniques was used. However, techniques for the detection of phages are being standardised internationally. This applies in particular to somatic and F-RNA coliphages, and B. fragilis phages, which are most commonly used in water quality assessment. Reliable and practical techniques now available include direct quantitative plaque assays on samples of water up to 100 ml, and qualitative tests on 500 ml or more using highly sensitive enrichment procedures.

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Section: Secondary Concentration Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Bacteriophages: update on application as models for viruses in water

Grabow¹

2004

WSA

184

230

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“…Conf., 1995). The only alternatives to the cell culture assay prior to the midto late 1980s were the use of electron microscopy (EM) and hybridization or antibody-based assays to enumerate or detect viruses (11,47,58,64).…”

Section: Cell Culturementioning

confidence: 99%

Pathogenic Human Viruses in Coastal Waters

et al. 2003

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This review addresses both historical and recent investigations into viral contamination of marine waters. With the relatively recent emergence of molecular biology-based assays, a number of investigations have shown that pathogenic viruses are prevalent in marine waters being impacted by sewage. Research has shown that this group of fecal-oral viral pathogens (enteroviruses, hepatitis A viruses, Norwalk viruses, reoviruses, adenoviruses, rotaviruses, etc.) can cause a broad range of asymptomatic to severe gastrointestinal, respiratory, and eye, nose, ear, and skin infections in people exposed through recreational use of the water. The viruses and the nucleic acid signature survive for an extended period in the marine environment. One of the primary concerns of public health officials is the relationship between the presence of pathogens and the recreational risk to human health in polluted marine environments. While a number of studies have attempted to address this issue, the relationship is still poorly understood. A contributing factor to our lack of progress in the field has been the lack of sensitive methods to detect the broad range of both bacterial and viral pathogens. The application of new and advanced molecular methods will continue to contribute to our current state of knowledge in this emerging and important field

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“…First, it is necessary to elute the viruses from the sludges. The methods available are based on two categories of eluants (Hurst et al 1989). The first category of eluants consists of proteinaceous materials, for example beef extract, that compete with viruses for binding sites.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…First, it is necessary to elute the viruses from the sludges. The methods available are based on two categories of eluants (Hurst et al . 1989).…”

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confidence: 99%

Occurrence and levels of phages proposed as surrogate indicators of enteric viruses in different types of sludges

Lasobras

Dellunde

Jofre

et al. 1999

Journal of Applied Microbiology

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A method based on the treatment of sludge with beef extract recovered, with similar efficiency, the three groups of bacteriophages studied from different kinds of sludges. The three groups of bacteriophages were found in high numbers in the different sludge types, the highest value being that of somatic coliphages in primary sludge of a biological treatment plant (1·1 × 105 pfu g−1) and the lowest being that of Bacteroides fragilis phages (110 pfu g−1) in de‐watered, anaerobically, mesophilically‐digested sludge. All phages studied accumulated in the sludges. In primary and activated sludges, all three types accumulated similarly but in lime‐treated sludge and de‐watered, anaerobically, mesophilically‐digested sludge, the relative proportion of F‐specific bacteriophages decreased significantly with respect to somatic coliphages and bacteriophages infecting B. fragilis. All phages survived successfully in stored sludge, depending on the temperature, and again, F‐specific bacteriophages survived less successfully than the others.

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Detecting Viruses in Water

Cited by 24 publications

References 108 publications

Bacteriophages: update on application as models for viruses in water

Bacteriophages: update on application as models for viruses in water

Pathogenic Human Viruses in Coastal Waters

Occurrence and levels of phages proposed as surrogate indicators of enteric viruses in different types of sludges

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