Occurrence and levels of phages proposed as surrogate indicators of enteric viruses in different types of sludges

Lasobras, J.; Dellunde, J.; Jofre, Juan; Lucena, F.

doi:10.1046/j.1365-2672.1999.00722.x

Cited by 66 publications

(66 citation statements)

References 32 publications

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“…In contrast, estimates of the mean log 10 reductions for MSCs in the present model reflect reductions in infectious particles because these are based on culture-based measurements (numbers of PFU per liter). In the absence of a culture-based method for enumerating NoV particles, measurements for MSCs continue to be explored as possible surrogate measures for infective NoV (28,29).…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…NoV is a nonculturable virus, so it is not possible to directly measure the level of infectious particles in a sample. Male-specific coliphages (MSCs) have been suggested to be potential surrogates for NoV (28,29) because they are ubiquitous in wastewater, are similar in size and shape to NoV, are also RNA-based viruses, and have available culture-based measures to evaluate the reduction of infectious particles.…”

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confidence: 99%

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Meta-Analysis of the Reduction of Norovirus and Male-Specific Coliphage Concentrations in Wastewater Treatment Plants

Pouillot

Doren

Woods

et al. 2015

Appl Environ Microbiol

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Model results indicated that the mean WWTP influent concentration of NoV GII (3.9 log 10 gc/liter; 95% credible interval [CI], 3.5, 4.3 log 10 gc/liter) is larger than the value for NoV GI (1.5 log 10 gc/liter; 95% CI, 0.4, 2.4 log 10 gc/liter), with large variations occurring from one WWTP to another. For WWTPs with mechanical systems and chlorine disinfection, mean log 10 reductions were ؊2.4 log 10 gc/liter (95% CI, ؊3.9, ؊1.1 log 10 gc/liter) for NoV GI, ؊2.7 log 10 gc/liter (95% CI, ؊3.6, ؊1.9 log 10 gc/liter) for NoV GII, and ؊2.9 log 10 PFU per liter (95% CI, ؊3.4, ؊2.4 log 10 PFU per liter) for MSCs. Comparable values for WWTPs with lagoon systems and chlorine disinfection were ؊1.4 log 10 gc/liter (95% CI, ؊3.3, 0.5 log 10 gc/liter) for NoV GI, ؊1.7 log 10 gc/liter (95% CI, ؊3.1, ؊0.3 log 10 gc/liter) for NoV GII, and ؊3.6 log 10 PFU per liter (95% CI, ؊4.8, ؊2.4 PFU per liter) for MSCs. Within WWTPs, correlations exist between mean NoV GI and NoV GII influent concentrations and between the mean log 10 reduction in NoV GII and the mean log 10 reduction in MSCs.H uman norovirus (NoV) is the leading cause of food-associated gastroenteritis in the United States (1) and Canada (2). U.S. residents are estimated to experience five episodes of norovirus gastroenteritis in their lifetimes (3). NoV is primarily spread via the fecal-oral route. However, attribution of a particular case of NoV illness to a specific source is complex. The transmission may be direct (person to person) or indirect (via contact with contaminated fomites) or may occur through the ingestion of contaminated food or water (4). Noroviruses are genetically diverse, comprising six genogroups (5), three of which (genogroup I [GI], GII, and GIV) are capable of causing illness in humans (6).Among foodborne NoV outbreaks, bivalve molluscs (e.g., clams, oysters, mussels), leafy vegetables, and fruits are the most frequently implicated (7). More than half of the norovirus outbreaks attributed to the consumption of bivalve molluscs in the United States during the years from 2001 to 2008 are believed to have originated from contamination during production or processing (7). Bivalve molluscan shellfish typically grow in estuaries, which may contain NoV-contaminated human fecal material from municipal wastewater outfalls, combined sewer overflow, or nonpoint sources of pollution, including human waste discharged from marine vessels (8, 9). Bivalve molluscan shellfish feed on algae from the surrounding water. During this feeding process, each bivalve mollusc may filter 20 to 90 liters of water per day and bioaccumulate a variety of microorganisms, including viruses and bacteria that are associated with pollution sources (8,(10)(11)(12). Significantly, molluscan shellfish have been found to retain viruses to a greater extent and for much longer periods than they do bacteria (8,13,14). Bivalve molluscs, therefore, may become contaminated with NoV when they are grown in harvesting areas contaminated with human wastes.In the United States and in Canada, ar...

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

mentioning

confidence: 99%

Meta-Analysis of the Reduction of Norovirus and Male-Specific Coliphage Concentrations in Wastewater Treatment Plants

Pouillot

Doren

Woods

et al. 2015

Appl Environ Microbiol

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“…Bacteriophages included SOMPCH are potential model organisms for determining the influence of sludge treatment on the enteric virus load [34]. Some bacteriophages are structurally similar to human enteroviruses and may be vulnerable to the same inactivating mechanisms.…”

Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…The most important pathogenic microorganisms are those transmitted by the fecal-oral route and include bacteria, viruses, and parasites. Fecal microorganisms that are pathogenic or non-pathogenic and are present in sewage are transferred to sludge, where their concentration is higher than it is in wastewater [34][35][36]. Moreover, many microorganisms survive better when they are associated with solids than when they are suspended in water [37][38][39], and at some stage of treatment of sludge, the growth of some pathogenic bacteria (for example, Salmonella) may be supported [36].…”

Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Mesophilic-thermophilic fermentation process of waste activated sludge after hybrid disintegration

Grűbel

Machnicka

Nowicka

2014

Ecological Chemistry and Engineering S

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Abstract:The previously received results of individual processes of hydrodynamic and alkaline disintegration were decisive significant for the conducted research task. The combination of hydrodynamic cavitation (30 minutes duration of the process) and alkaline (pH ≈ 9) to the destruction of activated sludge caused a significant release of organic matter about 1383 mg/dm 3 in comparing to individual processes. Such increase in the SCOD value resulted in a significant growth the efficiency of biogas yield in a two-stage mesophilic-thermophilic processes. The increase in yield was from 26 to 38% depending on the volume of disintegrated sludge. The effect of the two-stage fermentation resulted activated sludge hygienisation. The microbiological analysis of the influence of the fermentation with the different volume of hybrid disintegrated sludge was based on microbiological indicators: Salmonella spp. and coliphages. The obtained results prove the effectiveness of the two-stage digestion process compared to single mesophilic fermentation which not always completely eliminates the above indicators.

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“…The most important pathogenic microorganisms are those transmitted by the fecal-oral route and include bacteria, viruses, and parasites. Fecal microorganisms that are pathogenic or nonpathogenic and are present in sewage are transferred to sludge, where their concentration is higher than it is in wastewater (7,18,28,31,38). Moreover, many microorganisms survive better when they are associated with solids than when they are suspended in water (20,27,30,36), and at some stage of treatment of sludge, the growth of some pathogenic bacteria (for example, Salmonella) may be supported (13).…”

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confidence: 99%

Survival of Bacterial Indicator Species and Bacteriophages after Thermal Treatment of Sludge and Sewage

Mocé-Llivina

Muniesa

Pimenta-Vale

et al. 2003

Appl Environ Microbiol

136

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The inactivation of naturally occurring bacterial indicators and bacteriophages by thermal treatment of a dewatered sludge and raw sewage was studied. The sludge was heated at 80°C, and the sewage was heated at 60°C. In both cases phages were significantly more resistant to thermal inactivation than bacterial indicators, with the exception of spores of sulfite-reducing clostridia. Somatic coliphages and phages infecting Bacteroides fragilis were significantly more resistant than F-specific RNA phages. Similar trends were observed in sludge and sewage. The effects of thermal treatment on various phages belonging to the three groups mentioned above and on various enteroviruses added to sewage were also studied. The results revealed that the variability in the resistance of phages agreed with the data obtained with the naturally occurring populations and that the phages that were studied were more resistant to heat treatment than the enteroviruses that were studied. The phages survived significantly better than Salmonella choleraesuis, and the extents of inactivation indicated that naturally occurring bacteriophages can be used to monitor the inactivation of Escherichia coli and Salmonella.

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Occurrence and levels of phages proposed as surrogate indicators of enteric viruses in different types of sludges

Cited by 66 publications

References 32 publications

Meta-Analysis of the Reduction of Norovirus and Male-Specific Coliphage Concentrations in Wastewater Treatment Plants

Meta-Analysis of the Reduction of Norovirus and Male-Specific Coliphage Concentrations in Wastewater Treatment Plants

Mesophilic-thermophilic fermentation process of waste activated sludge after hybrid disintegration

Survival of Bacterial Indicator Species and Bacteriophages after Thermal Treatment of Sludge and Sewage

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