“…Our framework builds on previous research in psycholinguistics demonstrating that the eyetracking record reflects how readers interact with the text and how language processing unfolds over time (Frazier and Rayner, 1982;Rayner, 1998;Rayner et al, 2012). In particular, it has been shown that key aspects of the reader's characteristics and cognitive state, such as mind wandering during reading (Reichle et al, 2010), dyslexia (Rello and Ballesteros, 2015) and native language (Berzak et al, 2017) can be inferred from their gaze record. Despite these advances, the potential of the rich and highly informative behavioral signal obtainable from human reading for automated inference about readers, and specifically about their linguistic proficiency has thus far been largely unutilized.…”