Detecting of Periodic Fasciculations of Avian Muscles Using Magnetic and Other Multimedia Devices

Abstract

I. BACKGROUND 1.1 Purpose of this study This paper presents and discusses continuous periodic muscle fasciculations observed in the avian trunk, a phenomenon not observed in mammals; and apparently attributable to the autonomic nerves, magnets and sensors monitoring multiple properties: potential, barometric pressure, acceleration, and optical reflex. 1.2 Avian influenza The global poultry industry (e.g., chicken, quail, ducks) involves some 20 billion individual animals, with an estimated market size of $ 120 billion per year. The type of the influenza (H1, H2, H3) responsible for global pandemics have been demonstrated to be transmitted directly to humans from birds via the low pathogenic avian virus. No genetic traces indicating transmission through swine have been detected in the past three pandemics. The 2009 WHO declaration of a pandemic due to swinederived viruses appears to have been significantly overestimated. The last novel influenza was of the swine type, and did not result in a pandemic, with mortality similar to that of seasonal influenza. The WHO Secretary General responsible for issuing the Pandemic Declaration was evacuated from the European Union. We need to pay close attention to the older concept s regarding flu policy [1]-[3]. Several reasons have been proposed to explain human infection from birds. Two explanations predominate: Human sialic acid receptor: Sialic acid is present in vivo at the end of sugar chains on the surface of cell membranes as a component of complex carbohydrates with long hydrocarbon chains called ceramides [4].

Correlation of Axillary Artery Pressure and Phase of Esophageal Impedance in Chickens

“…The small-amplitude modulation of arterial pressure is due to the autonomous contraction of skeletal muscle (excitation of autonomic nerves such as warrior tremors), which is essential for maintaining the air sac and is characteristic of birds. This has been reported in the Journal of Multimedia Information System [21].…”

“…Based on this principle, the noise from the muscles generated in the thoracic wall becomes extremely small in the esophagus. This method is spatial denoise, so we prototyped a catheter for taking an electrocardiogram from the esophagus of birds [21,22]. This study incorporates an angular velocity sensor, microphone, and impedance loading technique [23,24] into this catheter.…”

System for Monitoring Avian Cardiac Output and Breathing Patterns Using Transmission-Type Microwaves

“…We previously developed a device for chickens that can monitor the cardiac output as the phase and breathing changes as the magnitude by adding a 1-MHz medium wave through electrocardiogram electrodes of the esophageal catheter [1][2][3].…”

“…Chickens are constantly moving and thus there is a pointing loss of the antenna toward the heart. In addition, the skeletal muscles of chickens constantly vibrate to control skeletal muscles which keep tension of air sacs [2], and those vibration causes fluctuations in the baseline of noise level. The actual measurement margin is about 30 dB, which is different from the theoretical value, but this 30 dB margin is necessary to draw the phase waveform including the notch of the aortic valve.…”

“…Amplitude modulation of the anterior thoracic air sac, indicated by asterisks, can be observed as turbulent airflow from other air sacs (posterior air sacs) to the precordial air sacs via the lungs. Such vibrations are due to phase differences in skeletal muscle contractures, which are described in detail in the paper [2]. Birds, unlike mammals, are efficient with more than one airflow to the lungs per breath.…”