I. BACKGROUND 1.1. Research PurposeAvian blood pressure can be measured under surgical exposure by a specialist cutting down blood vessels. However, inhalational anesthesia is required to expose the blood vessels in birds and place a catheter in a small blood vessel. This requires a high level of skill and relatively few reports have applied such methods. The presence of the wings instead of arms on birds means that a manchette cannot be anatomically wrapped around the limb for blood pressure measurement, so blood pressure is not easily monitored in birds. In this paper, in an environment under inhalational anesthesia with spontaneous breathing, an esophageal catheter was inserted, blood pressure was estimated from impedance changes in 1-MHz radio waves, and the origin of flow was estimated based on data obtained simultaneously from various multimedia devices. History of Data Collection from Birds International Space Station (ISS) Russian-GermanAnimal Movement Monitoring System ICARUS Since the gain over temperature (G/T) of the antenna mounted on the above-mentioned NOAA satellite is a small value, transmission power on the ground cannot be reduced.

We report the development of a non-contact monitoring device for avian cardiac output and breathing patterns based on the anterior thoracic air sac pressure that uses transmission-type microwaves (2,400−2,500 MHz, continuous wave). Since the phase waveform represents the dielectric constant change, the phase reflects −j/ωc and the dielectric constant change is related to blood flow. The magnitude waveform is reflected from the electronic resistance of tissues due to the expansion of the anterior thoracic air sac, which mainly consists of the thoracic wall. To confirm these waveforms, pigeons and chickens were used for testing. To validate the output waveforms of the developed transmission-type microwave device, data from esophageal catheters and pressure sensors in the anterior thoracic air sac, abdominal air sac, and intraoral cavity were obtained. The waveform for the esophageal catheter, where electrocardiogram electrodes and an angular velocity sensor were installed, correlates with cardiac output. A heart sound microphone was used to confirm the closing sound of the arterial and mitral valves. The experimental results confirm that a linear waveform synchronized with the cardiac blood flow and the anterior thoracic air sac pressure of birds was obtained using transmission-type microwaves. The proposed device, which can monitor cardiac output and respiratory patterns, may enable the early screening of cytokine storms caused by avian influenza viruses. Existing devices use Doppler radar in the 10 to 77 GHz band; these high frequencies are reflected by the chest wall and do not reach deep into body, making it impossible to monitor the blood flow inside the body.