Detecting and Monitoring Porcine Hemagglutinating Encephalomyelitis Virus, an Underresearched Betacoronavirus

Mora-Díaz, Juan Carlos; Magtoto, Ronaldo; Houston, E. Fiona; Baum, David H.; Carrillo-Ávila, José Antonio; Temeeyasen, Gun; Zimmerman, Jeffrey J.; Piñeyro, Pablo; Giménez-Lirola, Luis

doi:10.1128/msphere.00199-20

Cited by 20 publications

(28 citation statements)

References 26 publications

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“…Among positive farms, within-herd prevalence ranged from 1% to 50%, 51% to 70%, and 71% to 100% in 41.3%, 26.9%, and 28.8% of herds, respectively. The study confirms that PHEV is endemic in USA swine herds (Mora-Díaz et al 2020). Another serological survey was performed in Argentina.…”

Section: Porcine Hemagglutinating Encephalomyelitis Virussupporting

confidence: 74%

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Porcine Coronaviruses: Overview of the State of the Art

2021

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Like RNA viruses in general, coronaviruses (CoV) exhibit high mutation rates which, in combination with their strong tendency to recombine, enable them to overcome the host species barrier and adapt to new hosts. It is currently known that six CoV are able to infect pigs. Four of them belong to the genus Alphacoronavirus [transmissible gastroenteritis coronavirus (TEGV), porcine respiratory coronavirus (PRCV), porcine epidemic diarrhea virus (PEDV), swine acute diarrhea syndrome coronavirus (SADS-CoV)], one of them to the genus Betacoronavirus [porcine hemagglutinating encephalomyelitis virus (PHEV)] and the last one to the genus Deltacoronavirus (PDCoV). PHEV was one of the first identified swine CoV and is still widespread, causing subclinical infections in pigs in several countries. PRCV, a spike deletion mutant of TGEV associated with respiratory tract infection, appeared in the 1980s. PRCV is considered non-pathogenic since its infection course is mild or subclinical. Since its appearance, pig populations have become immune to both PRCV and TGEV, leading to a significant reduction in the clinical and economic importance of TGEV. TGEV, PEDV and PDCoV are enteropathogenic CoV and cause clinically indistinguishable acute gastroenteritis in all age groups of pigs. PDCoV and SADS-CoV have emerged in 2014 (US) and in 2017 (China), respectively. Rapid diagnosis is crucial for controlling CoV infections and preventing them from spreading. Since vaccines are available only for some porcine CoV, prevention should focus mainly on a high level of biosecurity . In view of the diversity of CoV and the potential risk factors associated with zoonotic emergence, updating the knowledge concerning this area is essential.

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Section: Porcine Hemagglutinating Encephalomyelitis Virussupporting

confidence: 74%

“…The study confirms that PHEV is endemic in USA swine herds (Mora-Díaz et al . 2020 ). Another serological survey was performed in Argentina.…”

Section: Porcine Hemagglutinating Encephalomyelitis Virusmentioning

confidence: 99%

Porcine Coronaviruses: Overview of the State of the Art

2021

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“…In the present study, PHEV was detected in the spinal cord and/or cerebellum in four PHEV inoculated piglets (pigs No. 9, 10, 15,16) showing mild neurological signs. However, PHEV was only detected in the brain of one of these piglets (pig No.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Porcine Hemagglutinating Encephalomyelitis Virus Infection In Vivo and Ex Vivo

Mora-Díaz

Piñeyro

Rauh

et al. 2021

J Virol

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Porcine hemagglutinating encephalomyelitis virus (PHEV) is a Betacoronavirus that causes vomiting and wasting disease and/or encephalomyelitis in suckling pigs. This study characterized PHEV infection, pathogenesis, and immune response in caesarean-derived, colostrum-deprived (CDCD) neonatal pigs. Infected animals developed mild respiratory, enteric, and neurological clinical signs between 2 to 13 days post oronasal inoculation (dpi). PHEV did not produce viremia, but virus shedding was detected in nasal secretions (1-10 dpi) and feces (2-7 dpi) by RT-qPCR. Viral RNA was detected in all tissues except liver, but the detection rate and RT-qPCR Ct values decreased over time. The highest concentration of virus was detected in inoculated piglets necropsied at 5 dpi in turbinate and trachea, followed by tonsils, lungs, tracheobronchial lymph nodes, and stomach. The most representative microscopic lesions were gastritis lymphoplasmacytic, moderate, multifocal, with perivasculitis, and neuritis with ganglia degeneration. A moderate inflammatory response, characterized by increased levels of IFN-α in plasma (5 dpi) and infiltration of T lymphocytes and macrophages was also observed. Increased plasma levels of IL-8 were detected at 10 and 15 dpi, coinciding with the progressive resolution of the infection. Moreover, a robust antibody response was detected by 10 dpi. An ex vivo air-liquid CDCD-derived porcine respiratory cells culture (ALI-PRECs) system showed virus replication in ALI-PRECs and cytopathic changes and disruption of ciliated columnar epithelia, thereby confirming the tracheal epithelia as a primary site of infection for PHEV. IMPORTANCE Among the ∼46 virus species in the Family Coronaviridae (2019), many of which are important pathogens of humans and 6 of which are commonly found in pigs, porcine hemagglutinating encephalomyelitis remains one of the least researched. The present study provided a comprehensive characterization of the PHEV infection process and immune responses using CDCD neonatal pigs. Moreover, we used an ex vivo porcine respiratory cells culture (ALI-PRECs) system resembling the epithelial lining of the tracheobronchial region of the porcine respiratory tract to demonstrate that the upper respiratory tract is a primary site of PHEV infection. This study provides a platform for further multidisciplinary studies of coronavirus infections.

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“…Independent of the fact that this pathogen likely evolved from bats, dromedary camels turned out to be the main reservoir of MERS-CoV, which now makes the control of the disease in humans far more challenging as novel outbreaks are periodically fueled by animal to human transmission in endemic areas [ 57 , 58 ]. While some studies described the asymptomatic circulation of MRVs, AstVs and PHEV [ 59 , 60 , 61 , 62 ], the detection of highly pathogenic coronaviruses such as PEDV was completely unexpected, suggesting that surveillance in swine should be enhanced to investigate the epidemiology of swine viruses. As most enteric viruses in swine cause a similar clinical presentation, we suggest implementing broad-spectrum molecular techniques to avoid delayed or missed diagnosis that can result in the persistence, the amplification or even the spread of pathogens [ 43 ].…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Interface between Bats and Pigs in Heavy Pig Production

Leopardi

Priori²,

Zecchin

et al. 2020

Viruses

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Bats are often claimed to be a major source for future viral epidemics, as they are associated with several viruses with zoonotic potential. Here we describe the presence and biodiversity of bats associated with intensive pig farms devoted to the production of heavy pigs in northern Italy. Since chiropters or signs of their presence were not found within animal shelters in our study area, we suggest that fecal viruses with high environmental resistance have the highest likelihood for spillover through indirect transmission. In turn, we investigated the circulation of mammalian orthoreoviruses (MRVs), coronaviruses (CoVs) and astroviruses (AstVs) in pigs and bats sharing the same environment. Results of our preliminary study did not show any bat virus in pigs suggesting that spillover from these animals is rare. However, several AstVs, CoVs and MRVs circulated undetected in pigs. Among those, one MRV was a reassortant strain carrying viral genes likely acquired from bats. On the other hand, we found a swine AstV and a MRV strain carrying swine genes in bat guano, indicating that viral exchange at the bat–pig interface might occur more frequently from pigs to bats rather than the other way around. Considering the indoor farming system as the most common system in the European Union (EU), preventive measures should focus on biosecurity rather than displacement of bats, which are protected throughout the EU and provide critical ecosystem services for rural settings.

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Detecting and Monitoring Porcine Hemagglutinating Encephalomyelitis Virus, an Underresearched Betacoronavirus

Cited by 20 publications

References 26 publications

Porcine Coronaviruses: Overview of the State of the Art

Porcine Coronaviruses: Overview of the State of the Art

Porcine Hemagglutinating Encephalomyelitis Virus Infection In Vivo and Ex Vivo

Interface between Bats and Pigs in Heavy Pig Production

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