Porcine Coronaviruses: Overview of the State of the Art

Turlewicz‐Podbielska, Hanna; Pomorska‐Mól, Małgorzata

doi:10.1007/s12250-021-00364-0

Cited by 91 publications

(81 citation statements)

References 134 publications

(296 reference statements)

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“…Coronaviruses ( CoVs ) are enveloped positive-sense RNA viruses. They belong to the Coronaviridae family, order Nidovirales ( Woo et al, 2006 , Turlewicz-Podbielska and Pomorska-Mól, 2021 ). CoVs are pathogenic for mammals and birds, in which they cause infections manifested by a range of clinical signs (from respiratory, gastrointestinal and nervous systems) as well as subclinical infections ( Herrewegh et al, 1998 , Woo et al, 2006 ).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…To date, four genera of CoVs can be identified: Alphacoronavirus , Betacoronavirus , Gammacoronavirus and Deltacoronavirus ( Chen et al, 2020 ). Their propensity to recombine allows them to easily transmit and adapt to new hosts ( Herrewegh et al, 1998 , Woo et al, 2006 , Turlewicz-Podbielska and Pomorska-Mól, 2021 ).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…SARS-CoV-2 in humans causes a disease called COVID-19 ( Zhu et al, 2020 , Malik et al, 2020 ). The appearance of new Betacoronavirus in humans, which is attributed to a zoonotic origin, has provoked numerous studies to assess its pathogenicity for different animal species (pets, farm and wild animals) ( Halfmann et al, 2020 , Mykytyn et al, 2020 , Richard et al, 2020 , Sia et al, 2020 , Shi et al, 2020 , Zhao et al, 2020 , Turlewicz-Podbielska and Pomorska-Mól, 2021 ). Due to the similarities of the SARS-CoV-2 to the SARS-CoV identified in 2003, it has been suspected from the beginning that the original outbreak was of zoonotic origin, possibly linked to a market in Wuhan, which sold a variety of animals including wild birds, poultry, fish, shellfish and other exotic species ( Oude Munnink et al, 2021 ).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Review: SARS-CoV-2 infection in farmed minks – an overview of current knowledge on occurrence, disease and epidemiology

Pomorska‐Mól¹,

Włodarek²,

Gogulski³

et al. 2021

Animal

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Coronaviruses ( CoVs ), which are enveloped, positive-sense RNA viruses, may cause infections in mammals and birds. Apart from the respiratory manifestations, CoVs are also responsible for infections of the gastrointestinal tract and nervous systems. Their propensity to recombine allows them to easily transmit and adapt to new hosts. The emergence of a new CoV in humans, severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 ( SARS-CoV-2 ), which is attributed to a zoonotic origin, has provoked numerous studies to assess its pathogenicity for different animal species (pets, farm and wild animals). Available results indicate that numerous animal species are susceptible to infection with SARS-CoV-2. From April 2020, when the first SARS-CoV-2 infection in minks was reported in the Netherlands, to the end of January 2021, further outbreaks have been confirmed in Denmark, Italy, Spain, Sweden, the United States, Greece, France, Canada, Lithuania and Poland. It has also been established that human-to-minks and minks-to-human transmission may occur. The results obtained to date indicate that the virus was originally introduced into the minks population by humans, possibly at the start of the pandemic and had been circulating in the population for several weeks before detection. Recent data indicate that minks are highly susceptible to SARS-CoV-2 infection, but the route or routes of virus transmission between farms, other than by direct contact with infected humans, have not been identified. In minks, infection can occur in clinical and subclinical form, making it possibly difficult to detect. Therefore, minks could represent potentially dangerous, not always recognized, animal reservoir for SARS-CoV-2. The current data indicate that further studies on minks and other Mustelidae are needed to clarify whether they may be a potential reservoir for SARS-CoV-2, and if so, how and whether this can be prevented.

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Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Review: SARS-CoV-2 infection in farmed minks – an overview of current knowledge on occurrence, disease and epidemiology

Pomorska‐Mól¹,

Włodarek²,

Gogulski³

et al. 2021

Animal

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“…To date, all the members of the Deltacoronavirus genus, except PDCoV, have been detected in birds (43), and PDCoV may cross the species barrier from avian/birds to some mammals (15). It was demonstrated that PDCoV has the multi-host potential to infect birds (44), chicken and calves in vivo (45), and to infect human cells in vitro. Pigs can act as intermediate hosts for multiple zoonotic viruses, and therefore, the cross-species transmission of PDCoV should be further evaluated (46).…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Genetic Characteristics and Pathogenicity of a Novel Porcine Deltacoronavirus Southeast Asia-Like Strain Found in China

et al. 2021

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Farmers involved in the lucrative pork trading business between China and Southeast Asian countries should be aware of a recently discovered novel porcine deltacoronavirus (PDCoV) in Guangxi province, China. A PDCoV strain, CHN/GX/1468B/2017, was isolated from the small intestinal contents of piglets with diarrhea from this region, with a titer of 1 × 108.0 TCID50/mL on LLC-PK cells. The full-length genome sequence consists of 25,399 nt as determined by next-generation sequencing and this was deposited in the GenBank (accession number MN025260.1). Genomic analysis showed that CHN/GX/1468B/2017 strain had 96.9~99.4% nucleotide homology with other 87 referenced PDCoV strains from different areas, and contained 6 and 9-nt deletions at positions 1,733~1,738 and 2,804~2,812, respectively, in the ORF1a gene. Phylogenetic analyses based on the whole gene sequence as well as S protein and ORF1a/1b protein sequences all showed that this strain was closely related to the Southeast Asia strain. When 7-day-old piglets were inoculated orally with the CHN/GX/1468B/2017 strain, they developed severe diarrhea, with a peak of fecal viral shedding at 4 days post-infection. Although no death or fever were observed, the CHN/GX/1468B/2017 strain produced a wide range of tissue tropism, with the main target being the intestine. Importantly, the VH:CD ratios of the jejunum and ileum in infected piglets were significantly lower than controls. These results indicate that CHN/GX/1468B/2017, isolated in China, is a novel PDCoV Southeast Asia-like strain with distinct genetic characteristics and pathogenicity. This finding enriches the international information on the genetic diversity of PDCoV.

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“…Similarly, PRCV emerged following a deletion in the spike gene of its progenitor, the transmissible gastroenteritis virus (TGEV). While TGEV replicates in the digestive tract, PRCV replicates in the respiratory system [ 16 ]. These changes in tropism certainly promoted emergence through the acquired ability to be transmitted through respiratory droplets.…”

Section: Change In Tissue Tropism Can Promote Variant Emergencementioning

confidence: 99%