Detailed and Averaged Models for a 401-Level MMC–HVDC System

Peralta, Jaime; Saad, Hani; Dennetière, Sébastien; Mahseredjian, Jean; Nguefeu, Samuel

doi:10.1109/tpwrd.2012.2188911

Cited by 556 publications

(208 citation statements)

References 21 publications

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“…Usual values of the arm reactors are around 0.10 -0.15 p.u. [16]. Capacitor voltages are in the range of 1-5 kV and the stored energy is between 30-40 kJ/MVA [16,11].…”

Section: Modular Multi-level Converter Descriptionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…[16]. Capacitor voltages are in the range of 1-5 kV and the stored energy is between 30-40 kJ/MVA [16,11]. All the SMs also include a thyristor (T 3) which is fired in the event of a dc line-to-line fault to protect the endangered diodes [7].…”

Section: Modular Multi-level Converter Descriptionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…The detailed model used in this work comprises all the components shown in Fig. 1a [16]. It has 4 submodules per arm and each SM consists of one capacitor, two IGBTs, the fly-wheeling diodes and a thyristor for protection purposes.…”

Section: Detailed Modelmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Their level of accuracy and speed depends mainly on the model adopted for the IGBTs and the diodes [21]. Average-value models (AVMs) employ controlled voltage and current sources to represent the arm voltages and the dc side current respectively [16]. These models are very efficient computationally since the IGBTs are not explicitly represented and, in addition, they assume that all the inner variables (such as capacitor voltages or circulating current) are perfectly controlled.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

See 3 more Smart Citations

Efficient model for modular multi-level converter simulation

Vidal-Albalate

Belenguer

Beltrán

et al. 2016

Mathematics and Computers in Simulation

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Detailed models of modular multi-level converters (MMCs) are cumbersome for electromagnetic transient simulation programs because of their high number of components which involve large simulation times. In this work, the modeling of an MMC is addressed with the objective of reducing the simulation time. First, the MMC structure is presented, including the modulation technique, the voltage balancing algorithm and the circulating current control used to validate the model. Next, an efficient simplified model is proposed. This is formed by just one variable voltage source, one variable capacitor and one variable resistor per arm, regardless of the number of submodules. This simplified model allows the simulation time to be reduced while keeping the dynamics of the MMC. The comparison through several PSCAD simulations with a detailed 5-level MMC model proves its validity during both steady-state and transient conditions (ac and dc short-circuits).

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“…Usual values of the arm reactors are around 0.10 -0.15 p.u. [16]. Capacitor voltages are in the range of 1-5 kV and the stored energy is between 30-40 kJ/MVA [16,11].…”

Section: Modular Multi-level Converter Descriptionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Modular Multi-level Converter Descriptionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Detailed Modelmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

See 2 more Smart Citations

Efficient model for modular multi-level converter simulation

Vidal-Albalate

Belenguer

Beltrán

et al. 2016

Mathematics and Computers in Simulation

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show abstract

“…Although publications on MMC have been made in very different orientations, this article is oriented towards control and applications, so some important aspects such as reduction of circulating currents [8][9][10][11] or modeling of the converter is not included [12][13][14][15]. Since the MMC is a multi-level converter, the voltage harmonics generated are smaller than in a two-level converter, thus reducing the values of the reactive components of the filter, which can even be eliminated in some cases.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Modular Multilevel Converters: Control and Applications

et al. 2017

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This review article is mainly oriented to the control and applications of modular multilevel converters (MMC). The main topologies of the switching modules are presented, for normal operation and for the elimination of DC faults. Methods to keep the capacitor voltage balanced are included. The voltage and current modulators, that are the most internal loops of control, are detailed. Voltage control and current control schemes are included which regulate DC link voltage and reactive power. The cases of unbalanced and distorted networks are analyzed, and schemes are proposed so that MMC contribute to improve the quality of the grid in these situations. The main applications in high voltage direct current (HVDC) transmission along with other medium voltage (MV) and low voltage (LV) applications are included. Finally, the application to offshore wind farms is specifically analyzed.

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Novel time‐domain average model for harmonic current prediction in photovoltaic and wind power units

Moraes

Reis

Filho

2021

Int Trans Electr Energ Syst

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Computer models designed to assess harmonic levels created by renewable energy sources (RESs) need to reproduce the converter operation effect. However, only a few simplified time‐domain models have been developed to predict harmonics while reducing simulation time, which is one of the main limitations of detailed models. This paper presents a novel time‐domain model, called the harmonic average model (HM), to estimate harmonic currents generated by inverters. The superposition principle is applied to include dead time and switching effects in the average model. In addition, the snubber effect is considered by introducing snubber circuits in the HM. Time‐domain simulations of a type‐IV wind turbine are executed with existing models and then with the HM to evaluate the proposed model. Field measurements in a wind power plant and in a photovoltaic plant are used to validate the HM under different power injection scenarios. The results indicate that the HM follows reference currents while accurately estimating the harmonic spectra. Further, the HM is relatively simple to deploy and reduces computation time. A comparison between the HM results and field measurements suggests that the simulated spectra are an adequate approximation of the measured spectra. These results confirm that the HM can be used by transmission system operators to support the prediction of harmonic currents generated by inverters and to estimate the impact of RESs on voltage quality.

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Detailed and Averaged Models for a 401-Level MMC–HVDC System

Cited by 556 publications

References 21 publications

Efficient model for modular multi-level converter simulation

Efficient model for modular multi-level converter simulation

Modular Multilevel Converters: Control and Applications

Novel time‐domain average model for harmonic current prediction in photovoltaic and wind power units

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