“…CMC has provided new forms of transnational community engagement which ‘build rich shared learning and knowledge cultures’ (Starke-Meyerring & Wilson, 2008, p. 7). Increasing importance is being placed on virtual or e-service learning in professional degrees to provide opportunities for students to connect with global partners and ‘collaboratively solve open-ended problems’ (Johnson, 2013, p.1; also see Starke-Meyerring, 2008). These collaborations are variously called virtual partnerships (Ratcheva & Vyakarnam, 2001), e-service (Strait & Sauer, 2004), globally networked learning environments (GNLEs) (Starke-Meyerring, 2008) and international service learning (Johnson, 2013; Crabtree, 2008).…”