“…First, as recommended by Ware (), prior to the exchange Type 1 mentoring can be used to introduce students to linguistic and interactional features and strategies (e.g., Rourke et al’s, , three subcategories of social presence) that are common to successful virtual exchanges and can facilitate social presence across different communication media. However, our research here (in line with Dooly, ) has demonstrated that, by and large, online intercultural communication cannot be pretaught per se. Rather, preteaching can only sensitize students to key features and strategies and raise awareness of their impact on the success of communication.…”