“…After decades of development, there have been many strategies proposed to achieve variable stiffness, including granular materials or laminar jamming structures, 14,15 fluid− polymer composites, 16,17 magnetorheological materials, 18−20 electrorheological materials, 21,22 shape memory polymers, 23−25 shape memory alloys, 26,27 liquid crystal elastomers, 28−30 and low-melting-point alloys, 31−33 which are desired in many technological fields such as soft robotics, 34−38 medical devices, 39 aerospace, 40,41 automotive industry, 18,19 and wearable electronics. 42 However, most of these stimulus methods require bulky equipment that adds considerable design complexity, weight, and cost to engineered systems, 2,43 which limit their application. For example, magnetorheological materials can only show anisotropic stiffness change, the range of stiffness change is relatively small, and also need affiliated equipment to generate a magnetic field, 2 while electrorheological materials normally operate at a relatively higher voltage stimulation (1−5 kV) and possess high-energy consumption and safety risks.…”