Design principles for enhanced up-scaling of flow-through capacitive deionization for water desalination

X-Fe (X = Mn, Co, Cu) Prussian Blue Analogue-Modified Carbon Cloth Electrodes for Capacitive Deionization

“…Due to limitations in the low solubility of PBAs and the fast coprecipitation reactions, the morphology and particle sizes cannot always be well controlled. With the controlled design of PBAs, the physicochemical properties, including morphologies, and electrochemical performances, with activated carbon cloth as flexible conducting substrates and current collectors, rendering a rational use of the micropores in the electrodes for ion adsorption, can potentially improve the capacitive behavior in CDI devices and expand the application field of such flexible electrodes . To the best of our knowledge, there are few reports on PBA-modified flexible carbon cloth as electrode materials for flow-through CDI applications.…”

Langmuir-Based Modeling Produces Steady Two-Dimensional Simulations of Capacitive Deionization via Relaxed Adsorption-Flow Coupling

“…Because loose coupling increases computational stability, the two presented methods open up modeling studies of complex CDI architectures. Consider an architecture with two stacked cells of the type investigated previously, with open inlet, outlet, and separator regions (the same as refs ( 53 ) and ( 75 )). Due to the complex flows inside the system, such a setup is a good application for a model with relaxed coupling to boost stability.…”

“…During desalination, an applied potential precisely extracts salt ions from the water to adsorb them inside the spacious electrodes (Figure ). The process is strongly susceptible to changes in operational and structural conditions, such as the voltage, − ion concentration − and composition, − flow rate, , electrode material, − electrode modifications, , device structure, − flow mode, , and presence of ion-selective membranes. ,, Also, the ion-concentration dependency makes the intracellular dynamics important . Thus, researchers have developed models that capture some of this spatial information, such as in 1D, − partial 2D, or full 2D. , …”

Emerging investigator series: a comparison of strong and weak-acid functionalized carbon electrodes in capacitive deionization

“…The discharge step is performed by either shorting the electrodes, modifying the applied potential window, or application of a reverse current, which releases the stored ions into a brine stream while allowing the stored energy to be recovered. 1,2,61,62 An alternate electrosorption mechanism is via ion intercalation, where the ions are stored within crystallographic sites of a solid-state host compound or between atomic planes. Intercalation CDI cells utilize materials such as Prussian blue analogues (PBAs), or conversion materials such as silver or bismuth.…”