Design Options for Carsharing Business Models

What technology enabled services impact business models in the automotive industry? An exploratory study

“…Related work is concerned with emerging business models for the automotive industry, focusing on disruptive technologies and new offerings. For instance, Nickerson, Remané, Hanelt, Tesch, and Kolbe (2017) created a framework for car-sharing business models, as an example of servitisation, and found that even the largest car-sharing companies follow different business models. Regarding electric cars, Kley, Lerch, & Dallinger (2011) develop a morphological box comprising a wide variety of business models concerning vehicle, battery, infrastructure and system services.…”

Synergies between app-based car-related Shared Mobility Services for the development of more profitable business models

“…On the other hand, carsharing offers easy access (no paperwork required and vehicles are usually nearby) to car rentals by the minute or by the hour, usually with digital access (via a subscription card or the app). It is available at any time of the day, on-demand or with a previous booking, and without the need to return the vehicle to the pick-up location (one-way type) (Cohen & Kietzmann, 2014;Hoffmann, Hinkeldein, Graff & Kramer, 2014;Wu, 2016;Remane et al, 2016;Janasz & Schneidewind, 2017). Interviewees without access to a car found carsharing very useful for day/weekend trips, to reach remote areas such as industrial parks or university campuses, and to return home after shopping.…”

“…What is more, some companies encourage their employees to commute by sharing trips with other employees (Janasz & Schneidewind, 2017). Other essential channels that allow users to access carsharing services are parking areas, and for e-carsharing, charging stations (Shaheen et al, 2012;Hoffmann et al, 2014;Herrador, Carvalho & Feito, 2015;Reiner & Haas, 2015;Remane et al, 2016;Janasz & Schneidewind, 2017).…”

“…Regarding carsharing services, Remane et al (2016) specified that their revenue model is based on a price structure that is either determined by the duration of the rental or a combination of the duration and the distance travelled. It also relies on continuous revenues and transaction-based revenues.…”

“…A number of papers have suggested a classification of app-based car-related shared mobility services. Regarding carsharing services, Shaheen, Mallery and Kingsley (2012) identified four models of Peer-to-Peer (P2P) carsharing according to the business model portion of the carsharing platform; Cohen and Kietzmann (2014) and Münzel, Boon, Frenken and Vaskelainen (2017) distinguished between the business type (Business-to-Consumer (B2C), P2P, non-profit and cooperative carsharing) and the operational model (one-way and round-trip); Remane, Nickerson, Hanelt, Tesch and Kolbe (2016) divided carsharing business models into 7 clusters according to the business type: the operational model, the vehicle offer and the type of access (manual or automatic); and Rotaris and Danielis (2017) classified the service according to who owns and maintains the car. Furthermore, Bälan (2016) classified the main models of carsharing, ridesharing and ride-hailing that exist in Romania, regardless of whether or not they are profitable; and Chan and Shaheen (2012) distinguished between different types of ride-sharing based on the relationships among their participants.…”