“…In the context of ETT-related infections, Staphylococcus aureus (S. aureus) emerges as a primary pathogenic bacterium, along with Pseudomonas aeruginosa and Enterobacteriaceae [2-3, 5, 8].Therefore, it is necessary to modify the surface of ETTs with antibacterial properties against these bacterium [9][10][11].Various surface modi cation methods, including changing the morphology and chemical composition [8,12] of the surface, as well as applying coating [13][14][15][16][17][18], have been developed to create antibacterial surfaces on ETTs. The surface morphology can be modi ed through diverse methods, including nanoimprinting [19][20], lithography [21][22], sandblasting [23][24], and plasma etching [25][26]. Surface chemistry can be altered through techniques like impregnation with acid or base solutions, ion implantation [27][28], and plasma grafting [12,29].…”