Design of sensor networks for long term monitoring of geological sequestration

Remote sensing of CO2 leakage from geologic sequestration projects

“…However, their spatial coverage is limited, requiring a network of sensors to fully monitor a geosequestration location (Flesch et al, 2004). Aerial and satellite platforms for sensors greatly increase the survey area of a single sensor, and may be contracted out, eliminating some maintenance and costs that may be associated with a network of on-site direct sensors (Saripalli et al, 2006;Seto and McRae, 2011). However, continuous monitoring is less practical, especially for aerial platforms.…”

“…However, it can be difficult with any of the aforementioned techniques to detect a clear CO 2 signature due to CO 2 's abundance in the atmosphere, variability within the air column, and genesis from many natural and anthropogenic sources (Benson and Cook, 2005;Klusman, 2011). It can be useful to instead detect chemical tracers naturally present or added with any injected CO 2 (Leuning et al, 2008;Saripalli et al, 2006). These are molecules that occur with low, relatively constant concentrations in the environment and may have absorption spectra more easily detected by such tools as OPFTIR and OPTDL (Wells et al, 2006).…”

Risk-Informed Monitoring, Verification and Accounting (RI-MVA). An NRAP White Paper Documenting Methods and a Demonstration Model for Risk-Informed MVA System Design and Operations in Geologic Carbon Sequestration

“…Saripalli et al (2006) attempted to identify the spacing and density (or number) of sensors necessary to effectively quantify leakage fluxes and concentrations. However, in contrast to the approach taken in this white paper, their approach was deterministic in that uncertainty was not included in predictions of CO 2 transport and tracer leakage from the geological reservoir being modeled.…”

“…National security is another domain that has made significant investment in developing methods to optimize sensor network designs [Zou and Chakrabarty, 2004]. There does exist precedent for use of optimization principles in the design of sensor networks serving geologic storage systems [Houston, 2000]; some specifically oriented to carbon sequestration [Saripalli et al, 2006]. Appendix 1 provides a fuller account of precedents in sensor network design optimization.…”

A Sensor Data Fusion Procedure for Environmental Monitoring Applications by a Configurable Network of Smart Web-Sensors

“…For example, distributed systems have to be dynamically configurable according to changing conditions of the surrounding environment, or to environmental and topographical information, (Lin & Gerla, 1997). The actual sensor networks do not provide effective solutions and the used architecture is not able to configure itself, (Bertocco et al, 2002;Hou et al, 2004;Lee & Song, 2006;Mahfuz & Ahmed, 2005;Saripalli et al, 2006;Tsujita et al, 2005). Moreover sampling plans have to be flexible according to the desired accuracy and specifications.…”