iii Executive SummaryThe purpose of this report was to review pertinent literature and studies to identify the current state-of-the-art models and analytical tools that optimize the siting, sizing and economic value of energy storage in a smart grid infrastructure.Over the last decades, significant research and development has been conducted to improve cost and reliability of energy storage systems. Relatively little work has focused on engineering tools for integrating energy storage into existing or future electric grids. This literature review revealed that only a few software tools partially address the needs for placement, sizing, and overall control strategies of stationary energy storage within a smart grid infrastructure. None of the tools captures the benefits of energy storage comprehensively, which would reveal all of the potential values. None of the tools or models reviewed provides optimization features that seek optimal placement and sizing options within a transmission or distribution system context. Given the findings of this literature review, this report highlights the need for tool development to fill the gap in the grid analytics. It provides some recommendations of guiding principles for advancing the analytical capabilities needed for the engineering and grid planning communities.In the future smart grid environment, energy storage can potentially deliver multiple benefits that will enhance grid performance, operability and security together with reducing energy production and delivery costs. The many functions of energy storage include its ability to: offset additional need for peak generating capacity enhance optimal operation of existing generation facilities integrate intermittent renewable energy technologies provide ancillary services such as load following, area regulation and spinning reserve reduce transmission congestion defer transmission and distribution upgrades and provide an alternative to inflexible lumpy transmission and distribution capacity additions support and enhance demand response resources.Energy storage can be implemented as modularized and potentially transportable storage systems. The latter could be used from months to years at a particular site and then easily moved to other sites and matched to system growth in an economic and flexible fashion.Energy storage mitigates some of the current and future challenges that grid operators face to improve the overall economics of the infrastructure while reducing the overall carbon footprint and providing reliable services. Specifically, the challenges include managing peak demand, resolving transmission line congestion, and integrating renewable energy technology in a climate of financial risk adversity that will limit new transmission construction. Another challenge or barrier for the market acceptance of energy storage is the fact that most stakeholders have limited knowledge about the value of energy storage technology, compounded by the fact that grid operators are unclear of how to control it to maxi...
ph: (865) 576-8401, fax: (865) 576-5728 email: reports@adonis.osti.gov Available to the public from the National Technical Information Service, U.S. Department of Commerce, 5285 Port Royal Rd., Springfield, VA 22161 ph: (800) 553-6847, fax: (703) 605-6900 email: orders@ntis.fedworld.gov online ordering: http://www.ntis.gov/ordering.htmThis document was printed on recycled paper. Executive SummaryThe purpose of this report was to review pertinent literature and studies to identify the current state-of-the-art models and analytical tools that optimize the siting, sizing and economic value of energy storage in a smart grid infrastructure.Over the last decades, significant research and development has been conducted to improve cost and reliability of energy storage systems. Relatively little work has focused on engineering tools for integrating energy storage into existing or future electric grids. This literature review revealed that only a few software tools partially address the needs for placement, sizing, and overall control strategies of stationary energy storage within a smart grid infrastructure. None of the tools captures the benefits of energy storage comprehensively, which would reveal all of the potential values. None of the tools or models reviewed provides optimization features that seek optimal placement and sizing options within a transmission or distribution system context. Given the findings of this literature review, this report highlights the need for tool development to fill the gap in the grid analytics. It provides some recommendations of guiding principles for advancing the analytical capabilities needed for the engineering and grid planning communities.In the future smart grid environment, energy storage can potentially deliver multiple benefits that will enhance grid performance, operability and security together with reducing energy production and delivery costs. The many functions of energy storage include its ability to: offset additional need for peak generating capacity enhance optimal operation of existing generation facilities integrate intermittent renewable energy technologies provide ancillary services such as load following, area regulation and spinning reserve reduce transmission congestion defer transmission and distribution upgrades and provide an alternative to inflexible lumpy transmission and distribution capacity additions support and enhance demand response resources.Energy storage can be implemented as modularized and potentially transportable storage systems. The latter could be used from months to years at a particular site and then easily moved to other sites and matched to system growth in an economic and flexible fashion.Energy storage mitigates some of the current and future challenges that grid operators face to improve the overall economics of the infrastructure while reducing the overall carbon footprint and providing reliable services. Specifically, the challenges include managing peak demand, resolving transmission line congestion, and integrating...
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