Design of Graded Materials by Particle Reinforcement During Accumulative Roll Bonding

Abstract

Graded distributions of copper particles in ultrafine-grained aluminium sheets are produced by accumulative roll bonding and particle reinforcement. The metallic copper particles are sprayed on the sheet surfaces under variation of spray distance and/or relative velocity of the spray gun to the sheet. Therewith, the particle content could be varied by a factor of three. After solutionizing, the successful gradation is clearly proven by tensile tests showing a steady and monotonous gradient along the rolling direction. By a systematic analysis of the spraying process, the particle content profile is calculated. Accuracy of the calculation is confirmed by electrical resistivity measurements. The presented method enables the production of tailored sheets by graded particle reinforcement. The graded sheets are also used for basic investigation of materials properties along graded compositions. Fig. 4. (a) Stress-strain data of aluminium alloyed with copper based on graded particle reinforcement by acceleration. (b) Photograph of graded sheet with positions of tensile specimens. (c) Calculated copper content profile with positions of tensile specimens and respective ultimate tensile strength in the solutionized state.

Mechanical properties of copper/bronze laminates: Role of interfaces

“…The edge regions where sheets tend to tear from each other were cut away and the central part with good initial bonding strength was used for following processing. Details of ARB processing can be found in early works [26,37]. The as-ARB processed samples were annealed together at 250 C for 2 h in a vacuum tube furnace under argon atmosphere and thereafter labeled as N2, N3 and N5, respectively.…”

Metal forming beyond shaping: Predicting and setting product properties

“…Moreover, the ARB process allows the combination of different metals or alloys such as the 5000 and 6000 series aluminum [90] and tailored alloying by means of particles such as copper between the different layers [188].…”

Material Fusion: A Research into the Simulated Blending of Materials Using Particle Systems

“…According to Mahamood et al (2012) the main areas of application of FGM currently are in the aerospace, medicine, defence, energy and optoelectronics fields, as well as in areas such as "cutting tool insert coating, automobile engine components, nuclear reactor components, turbine blade, heat exchanger,Tribology, sensors, fire retardant doors, etc." [3] On an industrial manufacturing level and at scales that relate to architecture, Schmidt et al (2012) describe their technique of accumulative roll bonding in which aluminium sheets are sprayed with an aqueous solution that consists of copper particles at 33.3% concentration with a feed velocity and distance that are incremented in order to design "graded materials by particle reinforcement" [4].The sheets are recursively rollbonded together in order to fabricate a sandwiched material consisting of copper particles gradually placed in layers within the aluminium sheet " Figure 1".The advantage of this technique is that the material property gradient can be distributed in a way that can be "directly opposed to the gradient in loading condition" [4], therefore having a direct impact on the structural performance and amount of material used in the sheet.…”

“…Informed by the research on aluminium sheet reinforcement by Schmidt et al (2012), aluminium was used in the simulations as the base material for the structure of the wall, with copper reinforcement at the areas of high tensile load. A particle simulation was set up in the fluid dynamics program Realflow, with the intent being to assign the material properties of the two substances in their molten form in order to simulate their blending digitally.…”