Design of controlled release systems for THEDES—Therapeutic deep eutectic solvents, using supercritical fluid technology

Abstract

Deep eutectic solvents (DES) can be formed by bioactive compounds or pharmaceutical ingredients. A therapeutic DES (THEDES) based on ibuprofen, a non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug (NSAID), and menthol was synthesized and its thermal behavior was analyzed by differential scanning calorimetry (DSC). A controlled drug delivery system was developed by impregnating a starch:poly-ϵ-caprolactone polymeric blend (SPCL 30:70) with the menthol:ibuprofen THEDES in different ratios (10 and 20 wt%), after supercritical fluid sintering at 20 MPa and 50 °C. The morphological characterization of SPCL matrices impregnated with THEDES was performed by scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and micro-computed tomography (micro-CT). Drug release studies were carried out in a phosphate buffered saline. The results obtained provide important clues for the development of carriers for the sustainable delivery of bioactive compounds.

Transformation of eutectic emulsion to nanosuspension fabricating with solvent evaporation and ultrasonication technique

“…During the cooling step, the endothermic peak from crystallization did not occur in either of the ibuprofen powder or the affined internal phase and was also not evident under the inverted microscope. Therefore, the T g of ibuprofen powder was not evident although this value had been previously reported at −45.15°C 22 and −41°C, 24 respectively. The DSC thermogram after evaporation for 24 hours indicated that the T g of the demonstrated internal phase was at −58.95°C (data not shown) because the T g suppression resulted from the eutectic formation between menthol and ibuprofen, indicating its amorphous state.…”

“…[16][17][18][19] A eutectic mixture can be used as the oil phase in emulsions 20,21 and as a deep eutectic solvent. [22][23][24][25][26][27] Menthol has generally been used as a eutectic component, 28,29 with a permeation enhancer property. 30 Menthol forms a liquid eutectic mixture at room temperature with many sublimate compounds such as camphor, borneol, thymol, and cineole.…”

“…[31][32][33] Recently, a therapeutic deep eutectic solvent was used to prepare the drug particles from menthol and ibuprofen using supercritical fluid technology. 22 Nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs such as ibuprofen, ketoprofen, indomethacin, diclofenac, and piroxicam have been reported as solutes in eutectic systems. 17,19,31,32,34 Ibuprofen nanosuspensions have been prepared using bottom-up techniques such as the emulsion solvent diffusion method, 7,35 melt emulsification method, 35 sonoprecipitation method, 1 and cavi-precipitation method.…”

Ionic liquids for the preparation of biopolymer materials for drug/gene delivery: a review

“…A controlled DDS was developed by impregnating a starch/PCL polymeric blend with a menthol:ibuprofen therapeutic DES after SCF sintering. 272 Drug release studies showed that the cumulative mass of drug released was higher with a high content (20 wt%) of the therapeutic DES incorporated. This demonstrates the feasibility to couple green technologies for the development of enhanced biomaterials for pharmaceutical applications.…”

Production of Electrospun Fast-Dissolving Drug Delivery Systems with Therapeutic Eutectic Systems Encapsulated in Gelatin

“…The need of increasing drug bioavailability and developing safer excipients has led the investigation on DES for the development of eutectic solvents composed by one or more active pharmaceutical ingredient (API). This class of DES was named therapeutic deep-eutectic solvents (THEDES) (19,20). API in the form of THEDES presents higher permeability and dissolution rate than its pure form (21).…”