Transformation of eutectic emulsion to nanosuspension fabricating with solvent evaporation and ultrasonication technique

Abstract

Eutectic solvent can solubilize high amount of some therapeutic compounds. Volatile eutectic solvent is interesting to be used as solvent in the preparation of nanosuspension with emulsion solvent evaporation technique. The mechanism of transformation from the eutectic emulsion to nanosuspension was investigated in this study. The 30% w/w ibuprofen eutectic solution was used as the internal phase, and the external phase is composed of Tween 80 as emulsifier. Ibuprofen nanosuspension was prepared by eutectic emulsion solvent evaporating method followed with ultrasonication. During evaporation process, the ibuprofen concentration in emulsion droplets was increased leading to a drug supersaturation but did not immediately recrystallize because of low glass transition temperature ( T g ) of ibuprofen. The contact angle of the internal phase on ibuprofen was apparently lower than that of the external phase at all times of evaporation, indicating that the ibuprofen crystals were preferentially wetted by the internal phase than the external phase. From calculated dewetting value ibuprofen crystallization occurred in the droplet. Crystallization of the drug was initiated with external mechanical force, and the particle size of the drug was larger due to Ostwald ripening. Cavitation force from ultrasonication minimized the ibuprofen crystals to the nanoscale. Particle size and zeta potential of formulated ibuprofen nanosuspension were 330.87±51.49 nm and −31.1±1.6 mV, respectively, and exhibited a fast dissolution. Therefore, the combination of eutectic emulsion solvent evaporation method with ultrasonication was favorable for fabricating an ibuprofen nanosuspension, and the transformation mechanism was attained successfully.

FSE–Ag complex NS: preparation and evaluation of antibacterial activity

“…This could be a result of mannitol, a sugar moiety, being a cryoprotectant prevented formation of irreversible aggregation [28,29]. These findings were consistent with the previous report, where similar type of trend was observed for ibuprofen nanocrystals [30].…”

Compatibility between Drugs and Polymer in Nanoparticles Produced by the Miniemulsion‐Solvent Evaporation Technique

“…IBU was already encapsulated by the emulsion-solvent evaporation techniques in microspheres [33,34] and nanoparticles. [35,36] PCL particles loaded with IBU (1 wt%, encapsulation efficiency ≈84%) displayed a diameter of ≈850 nm. [37] In our case, IBU nanoparticles were prepared with a weight fraction of IBU varying from 0.05 to 0.58.…”

Insights into the Nature of Eutectic and Deep Eutectic Mixtures

“…Terpenes are a class of natural compounds widely used in the pharmaceutical field and their interactions with drugs have been extensively evaluated since well before the advent of DES. Mixtures of borneol/menthol [20][21][22], and camphor/menthol [23,24], were proposed as vehicles for transdermal delivery [5] while mixtures of thymol with ibuprofen [25] or meloxicam [26] and of menthol with ibuprofen [7,25,27], testosterone [28], lidocaine [29], or ubiquinone [30] have been investigated as analgesic, antimicrobial and anti-inflammatory vehicles. Under the new DES perspective menthol-based eutectic mixtures with pyruvic, acetic, l-lactic and lauric acids were reported as hydrophobic, low viscosity, DES, and applied to the extraction of caffeine, tryptophan, isophthalic acid, and vanillin [31].…”