“…Azhar et al [11] (2020) examined the control scheme design of a (BESS) to keep the frequency at constant value, and (PV) system. The study examined the impact of implementing a BESS on frequency stability performance due to interference from the intermittent renewable energy sources generated by controlling the BESS with a virtual inertial controller as an inertial response unit and a droop control as the primary frequency response unit.…”
Electrical power systems operate at 50 Hz. However, generation loss, a sudden increase in loads, or faults in the system cause disturbances and deviations that destabilize the frequency of electrical power systems. Therefore, there is a need to study and improve the frequency stability of electrical power systems during disturbances. The present study examines improving the frequency stability of electrical power system, using a solar photovoltaic (PV) system, a battery energy storage system (BESS), and underfrequency load-shedding (UFLS) to estimate and control the frequency. The proposed method was tested on a standard Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers' (IEEE®) 9-bus system that was simulated in MATLAB® Simulink. The simulation results indicate that the used method significantly stabilizes the frequency of electrical power system.
“…Azhar et al [11] (2020) examined the control scheme design of a (BESS) to keep the frequency at constant value, and (PV) system. The study examined the impact of implementing a BESS on frequency stability performance due to interference from the intermittent renewable energy sources generated by controlling the BESS with a virtual inertial controller as an inertial response unit and a droop control as the primary frequency response unit.…”
Electrical power systems operate at 50 Hz. However, generation loss, a sudden increase in loads, or faults in the system cause disturbances and deviations that destabilize the frequency of electrical power systems. Therefore, there is a need to study and improve the frequency stability of electrical power systems during disturbances. The present study examines improving the frequency stability of electrical power system, using a solar photovoltaic (PV) system, a battery energy storage system (BESS), and underfrequency load-shedding (UFLS) to estimate and control the frequency. The proposed method was tested on a standard Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers' (IEEE®) 9-bus system that was simulated in MATLAB® Simulink. The simulation results indicate that the used method significantly stabilizes the frequency of electrical power system.
“…The economic benefits of conventional unit and operation of BESS will be adversely affected if the reserve capacity is not fully used [172]*. Deployment of BESS with proper control strategies has also been investigated by researchers to improve frequency nadir, ROCOF, and steady-state frequency in the presence of PV; results were promising [174]. Hu et al conducted a detailed analysis of BESS performance in terms of SOC, internal resistance, terminal voltage changes, and current while providing PFR and enhance frequency response [175].…”
Section: C: Battery Energy Storage Systemsmentioning
confidence: 99%
“…Stein et al presented the results of experiments conducted on the BESS system aimed at investigating trade off between grid service and BESS cycling under different control parameter settings [173]. Certain parameters were shown to produce better grid service with reduced BESS cycling.Deployment of BESS with proper control strategies has also been investigated by researchers to improve frequency nadir, ROCOF, and steady-state frequency in the presence of PV; results were promising[174]. Hu et al conducted a detailed analysis of BESS performance in terms of SOC, internal resistance, terminal voltage changes, and current while providing PFR and enhance frequency response[175].…”
Modern power systems characterized by complex topologies require accurate situational awareness to maintain an adequate level of reliability. Since they are large and spread over wide geographical areas, it is inevitable that failures will occur. Various generation and transmission disturbances, such as generator and transmission line tripping and load disconnection, give rise to a mismatch between generation and demand, which manifest as frequency events. These events can take the form of negligible frequency deviations or more severe emergencies that can precipitate cascading outages, depending on the severity of the disturbance and efficacy of remedial action schema. The impacts of such events have become more critical recently due to increased levels of renewable penetration and distributed energy resources, which have caused a decline in system synchronous inertia. Due to the repercussions, it is indispensable to arrest such disturbances on time by activating primary frequency control measures. In this paper, a comprehensive systematic literature review is presented on the techniques used for event detection in power systems and the methods of primary frequency response in modern power systems. The paper also highlights the impacts of severe frequency events within power systems.
“…This method can maximize the power regulation capability, which is a cost-effective solution to enhance the stability of the grid frequency. In [81], the impact of ESS on the frequency stability of the grid was discussed, where the virtual inertia control was used for inertia response, and the droop control was used for primary frequency response. The control structure is shown in Figure 15.…”
The penetration of solar energy in the modern power system is still increasing with a fast growth rate after long development due to reduced environmental impact and ever-decreasing photovoltaic panel cost. Meanwhile, distribution networks have to deal with a huge amount and frequent fluctuations of power due to the intermittent nature of solar energy, which influences the grid stability and could cause a voltage rise in the low-voltage grid. In order to reduce these fluctuations and ensure a stable and reliable power supply, energy storage systems are introduced, as they can absorb or release energy on demand, which provides more control flexibility for PV systems. At present, storage technologies are still under development and integrated in renewable applications, especially in smart grids, where lowering the cost and enhancing the reliability are the main tasks. This study reviews and discusses several active power control strategies for hybrid PV and energy storage systems that deliver ancillary services for grid support. The technological advancements and developments of energy storage systems in grid-tied PV applications are also reviewed.
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