Design of an Experimental Study for the Simultaneous Determination of Cefepime, Piperacillin and Tazobactam Using Micellar Organic Solvent-Free HPLC

Abstract

Application of Sustainable analytical chemistry concepts has become crucial in order to remove the environmentally harmful impacts originating from the routine use of analytical techniques. Here, a new LC method is developed and its parameters are analyzed, depending on a mixed micellar mobile phase. This was primarily aimed at getting rid of the use of organic solvents in conventional routine analyses. Combinations of tazobactam (TZB) with piperacillin (PPC) or cefepime (CFM) are commonly used as effective antimicrobial therapies, especially for resistant strains. Therefore, the three drugs were separated and quantified using an organic solvent-free mobile phase. The mixed micellar mobile phase was comprised of 15 mM Brij-35 with 38 mM SDS, adjusted to pH 3.5. Separation was performed by HPLC on monolithic RP-C18 column Chromolith® Performance RP-18e (100 mm × 4.6 mm) at a rate of 1 mL per minute of flow in conjunction with a measurement wavelength 210 nm. The method was found valid and applicable in accordance of precision, and accuracy within ranges of 5–100 µg mL−1 for PPC and CFM and of 0.625–12.5 µg mL−1 for TZB. The quality-by-design technique was used to analyze the effect of modifying the mixed micellar ratios on separation efficiency and conclude their behavior. Finally, the suggested approach was assessed applying the green analytical procedure index against the greenest published methodology to show superiority.

Central composite design driven optimization of sustainable stability indicating HPLC method for the determination of Tigecycline and greenness assessment

“…Design Expert 13 software was used to make the ED, and RSM was used to explore the influence of the variables. 52 The model uses a CCD design, combining the independent factors in 20 different and five-centric runs. Our optimization study focused on the following factors: ethanol concentration, mobile phase pH, EDTA molar concentration, and percent of TEA.…”

“…A positive coefficient in Table 3 positively impacts the corresponding response, whereas a negative coefficient indicates the opposite. 52 Therefore, other CCD aspects must be investigated to ensure model validity. Finally, strong linearity between the adjusted and expected regression coefficient (R2) was proved if the difference was smaller than 0.2 ( Table 3 ).…”

Central composite design driven optimization of sustainable stability indicating HPLC method for the determination of Tigecycline and greenness assessment

“…Design Expert 13 software was used to make the ED, and RSM was used to explore the influence of the variables. 51 The model uses a CCD design, combining the independent factors in 20 different and five-centric runs. Our optimization study focused on the following factors: ethanol concentration, mobile phase pH, EDTA molar concentration, and percent of TEA.…”

“…A positive coefficient in Table 3 positively impacts the corresponding response, whereas a negative coefficient indicates the opposite. 51 Therefore, to ensure model validity, other CCD aspects must be investigated. Finally, strong linearity between the adjusted and expected regression coefficient (R2) was proved if the difference was smaller than 0.2 (Table 3).…”

Green Chemometric Determination of Cefotaxime Sodium in the Presence of Its Degradation Impurities Using Different Multivariate Data Processing Tools; GAPI and AGREE Greenness Evaluation

“…Meanwhile, the parenteral antibiotic dosage form accounts for about 50% of the total worldwide antibiotic sales [3]. The total defined daily antibiotic dose consumption has increased substantially during the past few years [4,5], among which third-generation cephalosporins represent about 20% of antibiotic consumption [3]. Cephalosporins are a key antimicrobial class for the treatment of infectious diseases in both humans and animal species [6], of which the third generation could account for about 50% of total cephalosporin sales [3].…”