Design of a Molecularly Imprinted Stir-Bar for Isolation of Patulin in Apple and LC-MS/MS Detection

Regal, Patricia; Díaz-Bao, Mónica; Barreiro, Rocío; Fente, C.; Cepeda, Alberto

doi:10.3390/separations4020011

Cited by 13 publications

(6 citation statements)

References 17 publications

Supporting

Mentioning

Contrasting

Order By: Relevance

“…The synthesis of a mimic template for patulin ( Figure 8 ) presents significant difficulties, as this mycotoxin is characterized by a particularly simple molecular structure, and therefore is not very suitable for modifications that do not alter its shape and properties; however, this is accompanied by a notable electrophilic reactivity coinciding with the opening of the lactone ring [ 38 ]. For this reason, many authors have chosen to use molecular structures only weakly related to patulin, such as 2-hydroxynicotinic acid (2-HNA) [ 39 , 40 , 41 ] or oxindole (OXI) [ 42 , 43 , 44 , 45 ], as template mimics. Despite their significant structural differences, these mimic templates were shown to be able to originate polymers with good binding properties towards the target molecule, and to be usable for solid-phase extraction applications.…”

Section: Drawbacks and Remedies In Mycotoxin Imprintingmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…When imprinted with a mimic for aflatoxins [ 50 ], the stir bar was able to extract aflatoxin M1 from milk powder for baby food with an analytical recovery of 60% (LOD: 1.0 ng/kg and LOQ: 0.3 ng/kg) and aflatoxins B1, B2, G1, and G2 in cereal-based baby foods with analytical recoveries of 43, 40, 44, and 39%, respectively (LOD: 0.9, 0.7, 1.0, and 1.7 ng/kg and LOQ: 3.0, 2.3, 3.5, and 5.8 ng/kg). Concerning patulin [ 43 ], it was extracted from apple with recoveries of 60–70% (LOD: 10 ng/g and LOQ: 50 ng/g).…”

Section: Use Of Mips In Sample Preparation For Mycotoxin Detectionmentioning

confidence: 99%

See 1 more Smart Citation

Mycotoxins-Imprinted Polymers: A State-of-the-Art Review

Cavalera,

Anfossi,

Di Nardo

et al. 2024

Toxins

View full text Add to dashboard Cite

Mycotoxins are toxic metabolites of molds which can contaminate food and beverages. Because of their acute and chronic toxicity, they can have harmful effects when ingested or inhaled, posing severe risks to human health. Contemporary analytical methods have the sensitivity required for contamination detection and quantification, but the direct application of these methods on real samples is not straightforward because of matrix complexity, and clean-up and preconcentration steps are needed, more and more requiring the application of highly selective solid-phase extraction materials. Molecularly imprinted polymers (MIPs) are artificial receptors mimicking the natural antibodies that are increasingly being used as a solid phase in extraction methods where selectivity towards target analytes is mandatory. In this review, the state-of-the-art about molecularly imprinted polymers as solid-phase extraction materials in mycotoxin contamination analysis will be discussed, with particular attention paid to the use of mimic molecules in the synthesis of mycotoxin-imprinted materials, to the application of these materials to food real samples, and to the development of advanced extraction methods involving molecular imprinting technology.

show abstract

Section: Drawbacks and Remedies In Mycotoxin Imprintingmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Use Of Mips In Sample Preparation For Mycotoxin Detectionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Mycotoxins-Imprinted Polymers: A State-of-the-Art Review

Cavalera,

Anfossi,

Di Nardo

et al. 2024

Toxins

View full text Add to dashboard Cite

show abstract

“…In previous studies, we focused on matrix-induced signal suppression and enhancement-a distinctive technical challenge associated with LC-MS. Although using matrix-matched calibration standards [15,16] can reduce matrix effects on quantitation, stable isotope dilution is the preferred method for patulin quantitation [17,18]. The utilization of commercially available 13 C-uniformly labeled mycotoxins has made stable isotope dilution a common practice within the agency, particularly for an LC-MS-based mycotoxin analysis.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Determination of Patulin in Apple Juice and Apple-Derived Products Using a Robotic Sample Preparation System and LC-APCI-MS/MS

Zhang,

Zhang

2024

Toxins

View full text Add to dashboard Cite

Patulin, a toxic mycotoxin, can contaminate apple-derived products. The FDA has established an action level of 50 ppb (ng/g) for patulin in apple juice and apple juice products. To effectively monitor this mycotoxin, there is a need for adequate analytical methods that can reliably and efficiently determine patulin levels. In this work, we developed an automated sample preparation workflow followed by liquid chromatography–atmospheric pressure chemical ionization tandem mass spectrometry (LC-APCI-MS/MS) detection to identify and quantify patulin in a single method, further expanding testing capabilities for monitoring patulin in foods compared to traditional optical methods. Using a robotic sample preparation system, apple juice, apple cider, apple puree, apple-based baby food, applesauce, fruit rolls, and fruit jam were fortified with 13C-patulin and extracted using dichloromethane (DCM) without human intervention, followed by an LC-APCI-MS/MS analysis in negative ionization mode. The method achieved a limit of quantification of 4.0 ng/g and linearity ranging from 2 to 1000 ng/mL (r2 > 0.99). Quantitation was performed with isotope dilution using 13C-patulin as an internal standard and solvent calibration standards. Average recoveries (relative standard deviations, RSD%) in seven spike matrices were 95% (9%) at 10 ng/g, 110% (5%) at 50 ng/g, 101% (7%) at 200 ng/g, and 104% (4%) at 1000 ng/g (n = 28). The ranges of within-matrix and between-matrix variability (RSD) were 3–8% and 4–9%, respectively. In incurred samples, the identity of patulin was further confirmed with a comparison of the information-dependent acquisition-enhanced product ion (IDA-EPI) MS/MS spectra to a reference standard. The metrological traceability of the patulin measurements in an incurred apple cider (21.1 ± 8.0 µg/g) and apple juice concentrate (56.6 ± 15.6 µg/g) was established using a certified reference material and calibration data to demonstrate data confidence intervals (k = 2, 95% confidence interval).

show abstract

“…Products contaminated by mycotoxins also have a negative impact on human health as they indirectly join the food chain. In addition, not only mycotoxins are limited to nutritional products, but also they can cause adverse effects on living things through ingestion, skin contact, and respiration [3,4]. Mycotoxicity diseases are not contagious.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Patulin Imprinted Nanoparticles Decorated Surface Plasmon Resonance Chips for Patulin Detection

2021

View full text Add to dashboard Cite

In this study, the patulin imprinted and the non-imprinted nanoparticles are synthesized by the two-phase mini emulsion polymerization method and characterized by zeta-size analysis, Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy, and scanning electron microscopy. Afterwards, the patulin imprinted and the non-imprinted nanoparticles are attached on the surface of surface plasmon resonance (SPR) chips. The patulin imprinted and the non-imprinted SPR nanosensors are characterized by using atomic force microscope, ellipsometer, and contact angle measurements. Kinetic studies for patulin detection are carried out in the concentration range of 0.5 nmolar–750 nmolar. The limit of detection and the limit of quantification values are obtained as 0.011 nmolar and 0.036 nmolar, respectively. In all kinetic analysis, the response time is 13 min for equilibration, adsorption, and desorption cycles. The selectivity studies of the patulin imprinted and the non-imprinted SPR nanosensors are determined in the presence of ochratoxin A and aflatoxin B1. In order to demonstrate the applicability, validation studies of the patulin imprinted SPR nanosensor are performed by liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry (LC-MS).

show abstract

Design of a Molecularly Imprinted Stir-Bar for Isolation of Patulin in Apple and LC-MS/MS Detection

Cited by 13 publications

References 17 publications

Mycotoxins-Imprinted Polymers: A State-of-the-Art Review

Mycotoxins-Imprinted Polymers: A State-of-the-Art Review

Determination of Patulin in Apple Juice and Apple-Derived Products Using a Robotic Sample Preparation System and LC-APCI-MS/MS

Patulin Imprinted Nanoparticles Decorated Surface Plasmon Resonance Chips for Patulin Detection

Contact Info

Product

Resources

About