Design of a compact and effective greywater treatment system in Malaysia

Ong, Zhi Chao; Asadsangabifard, Mohammadjavad; Ismail, Zubaidah; Tam, Jun Hui; Roushenas, Peiman

doi:10.5004/dwt.2019.23631

Cited by 4 publications

(3 citation statements)

References 43 publications

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“…Even more, the presence of organic matter may further reduce chlorine disinfection efficiency by stabilizing microbial cell membranes [14]. Lastly, the presence of organic matter may lead to the formation of unwanted disinfection by-products (including known or suspected carcinogens), thereby not only impeding the disinfection process [15] but also posing a health hazard. Winward et al [12] investigated the effects of organic and particulate matter on GW chlorine disinfection in a batch system, and claimed that an increase in the organic matter enhanced the chlorine demand but did not affect total coliforms' resistance to chlorine.…”

Section: It Doesmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…In the case of UV irradiation, particles interfere with the exposure of the target microorganisms to the irradiation [15][16][17], either by shielding them, or by absorbing or scattering the light, thus reducing the UV dose received by the microorganisms and, consequently, the method's efficiency. The presence of particulate matter and organics in GW has been noted in many studies, yet only a few discussed their adverse impact on UV disinfection efficiency.…”

Section: It Doesmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Impact of Suspended Solids and Organic Matter on Chlorine and UV Disinfection Efficiency of Greywater

Friedler

Chavez

Alfiya

et al. 2021

Water

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Reusing greywater (GW) can lower domestic water consumption. However, the GW must be treated and disinfected for securing user health. This research studied at the laboratory scale, and in flow-through setups, which are generally used in full-scale GW treatment the disinfection efficiency of the two commonly used technologies (a) chlorination and (b) low-pressure UV irradiation. The disinfection methods were studied under a commonly found range of total suspended solids (TSS; 3.9–233 mg/L) and 5-d biochemical oxygen demand (BOD5) concentrations (0–107 mg/L) as a representative/proxy of bioavailable organic matter. The negative effect of TSS began even at low concentrations (<20 mg/L) and increased consistently with increasing TSS concentrations across all the concentrations tested. On the other hand, the negative effect of BOD5 on FC inactivation was observed only when its concentration was higher than 50 mg/L. Multiple linear regression models were developed following the laboratory results, establishing a correlation between FC inactivation by either chlorination or UV irradiation and initial FC, TSS, and BOD5 concentrations. The models were validated against the results from the flow-through reactors and explained the majority of the variability in the measured FC inactivation. Conversion factors between the laboratory scales and the flow-through reactor experiments were established. These enable the prediction of the required residual chlorine concentration or the UV dose needed for an on-site flow-through reactor. This approach is valuable from both operational and research perspectives.

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Section: It Doesmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: It Doesmentioning

confidence: 99%

Impact of Suspended Solids and Organic Matter on Chlorine and UV Disinfection Efficiency of Greywater

Friedler

Chavez

Alfiya

et al. 2021

Water

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“…The availability of water in tropical countries like Malaysia and Indonesia are adequate, however it will not be sustained for long without any effort to maintain and preserve. According to previous studies, the level of several riverbeds has risen in Malaysia due to the development of extensive drainage basin for large-scale projects resulting in higher chances of floods and thus reduction in the volume of clean water [3].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Treatment of greywater by adsorption and coagulation with Hibiscus Sabdariffa as the natural coagulant

Ahmad¹,

Ismail²,

Yoon³

2023

J. Phys.: Conf. Ser.

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Greywater refers to wastewater from showers, baths, basins and washing machines. Recycled greywater can be used for crops irrigation, toilet flushing, and other activities that does not require fresh water. Coagulation is an effective, simple, and cheap process to treat greywater with the use of coagulants. The studies show that the use of chemical coagulants pose threat to the environment, produce large amount of sludge and have severe effect on human health. This study uses Hibiscus Sabdariffa seeds as natural coagulant, as they are biodegradable, non-toxic, and safe for human health. The seeds of Hibiscus Sabdariffa are usually discarded, thus using them as natural coagulants makes it cost-effective. Another process of adsorption was also studied in this work due to its effectiveness in treating wastewater. Activated carbon have been studied as an adsorbent due to its low-cost and sustainability. The aims of this paper are to investigate the performance of the seeds and adsorbent by differing pH, coagulant dosage, and adsorbent dosage. Jar test was carried out by varying pH of 2-12, coagulant dosage of 20-120 mg/L and adsorbent dosage of 0.5-5g. The process involved rapid mixing for 4 minutes, slow mixing for 25 minutes and 30 minutes of sedimentation time. By carrying out the experiment, it was found out the seeds of Hibiscus Sabdariffa showed best performance at pH 2, coagulant dosage 20 mg/L with the turbidity removal and COD removal of 91.3% and 43%, respectively. For the process of adsorption, highest turbidity and COD removal were determined to be 98.6% and 61.6% respectively with the pH 2 and adsorbent dosage of 3g. The combined process of adsorption-coagulation shows best performance at pH 2, coagulant dosage 4 mg/L and adsorbent dosage of 1.6g with the turbidity and COD removal of 98.3% and 85% respectively. This study shows the potential in Hibiscus Sabdariffa seeds and activated carbon to treat greywater for reuse.

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Assessing factors influencing greywater characteristics around the world: a qualitative and quantitative approach with a short-review on greywater treatment technologies

Mohan,

Manthapuri,

Chitthaluri

2024

Discov Water

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The obsolete efficiencies in conventional centralized wastewater treatment systems call for implementation of source separation and treatment of wastewater. Approximately 60–75% of domestic wastewater is attributed to greywater, which could be reused to combat freshwater crisis. The present study investigates qualitative and quantitative attributes of greywater from different sources in High-Income Countries (HICs) and Low-Income Countries (LICs). The quantity of greywater generation is positively correlated with country’s per capita income, but feebly negatively correlated with temperature. Kitchen source is the highest contributor of total suspended solids (134–1300 mg/l), whereas in case of turbidity, laundry is the major contributor (39–444 NTU). Also, kitchen greywater is characterized by comparatively high biochemical oxygen demand (BOD) of 100–1850 mg/l, low pH of 5.6–8, and elevated total nitrogen (TN) of about 1.5–48 mg/l. The high pH (7.3–10) and chemical oxygen demand (COD) levels (58–2497 mg/l) in laundry greywater are due to usage of sodium hydroxide-based soaps, while usage of wash detergents containing phosphates like sodium tripolyphosphate contribute to high total phosphorus (TP) (0.062–57 mg/l). The qualitative characteristics of greywater in HICs are perceived to be superior compared to LICs. Furthermore, the most widely used physicochemical, biological, and advanced oxidation treatment technologies for greywater are outlined briefly. It can be observed that economical treatment systems like phytoremediation or biological technologies combined with sand filtration systems can be implemented to treat greywater with high organic content in LICs, whereas in HICs where greywater is generated in large quantities, electro-coagulation combined with advanced oxidation technologies can be used to treat its higher COD levels. Graphical Abstract

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Design of a compact and effective greywater treatment system in Malaysia

Cited by 4 publications

References 43 publications

Impact of Suspended Solids and Organic Matter on Chlorine and UV Disinfection Efficiency of Greywater

Impact of Suspended Solids and Organic Matter on Chlorine and UV Disinfection Efficiency of Greywater

Treatment of greywater by adsorption and coagulation with Hibiscus Sabdariffa as the natural coagulant

Assessing factors influencing greywater characteristics around the world: a qualitative and quantitative approach with a short-review on greywater treatment technologies

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