Design Criteria for Pultruded Structural Elements

Tucci, Fausto; Vedernikov, Alexander

doi:10.1016/b978-0-12-819724-0.00086-0

Cited by 11 publications

(7 citation statements)

References 136 publications

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“…Nowadays, pultrusion process is adopted to produce beams and columns widely employed as structural elements in civil buildings, structural supports and decks for bridges, marine piles and constructions, rebars, blades for Fig. 12 Process phases and relevant physical mechanisms in Wet Compression Moulding [342] wind-turbines, structural elements in aircrafts, automotive, and ships [269,[361][362][363][364].…”

Section: Pultrusionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Advances in composite forming through 25 years of ESAFORM

et al. 2022

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The increase in the number of structural applications of composite materials, especially in the aerospace and automotive industries, has led to a demand for robust models to simulate composite forming processes. The mechanical behaviour of composite materials during forming is relatively complex due to their fibre-matrix composition. Many research studies have been conducted in the past 25-plus years into experimental methods for the characterization of the mechanical behaviours that are exhibited by textile-reinforced composite material systems during forming and into the development of material models to be used in computer codes for forming simulations. These studies have been presented and discussed in the ESA-FORM conferences since 1997 and especially in the 'Composite Forming Processes' mini-symposium launched in 2001. This article presents a survey of the research carried out in this context. Mechanical characterization tests specific to composite forming are presented as well as recent analysis techniques such as digital image correlation and X-ray tomography. Threedimensional mechanical behaviour laws, in particular hypo-and hyperelastic, have been developed and extended to second gradient models. Specific shell approaches have been presented and their application to wrinkling analysis. Resin flow and permeability analysis is another area of research in composite forming processes which are discussed in this article. Research on certain processes is also presented, in particular thermoforming of thermoplastic composites, wet compression moulding, pultrusion, automated fibre placement and three-dimensional printing. This comprehensive review of the works of multiple research groups is a recognition of the breadth and depth of efforts that have been invested into the understanding of the manufacturability of textile-reinforced composite materials.

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Section: Pultrusionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Advances in composite forming through 25 years of ESAFORM

et al. 2022

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“…The behavior of crack propagation and its rate in Ecoflex elastomers is distinct from that of other solid materials such as fiber-reinforced polymers [ 23 , 24 , 25 , 26 , 27 , 28 ] and other materials [ 29 , 30 ]. In most cases mentioned earlier, crack initiation begins from the designated notch position and travels parallel to it.…”

Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

A Multiaxial Fracture of Ecoflex Skin with Different Shore Hardness for Morphing Wing Application

Ahmad

Ajaj

2023

Polymers

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The use of elastomer-based skins in morphing wings has become increasingly popular due to their remarkable stretchability and mechanical properties. However, the possibility of the skin fracturing during multiaxial stretching remains a significant design challenge. The propagation of cracks originating from flaws or notches in the skin can lead to the specimen breaking into two parts. This paper presents an experimental study aimed at comprehensively evaluating crack propagation direction, stretchability, and fracture toughness of silicone-based elastomeric skin (Ecoflex) for morphing wing applications, using varying Shore hardness values (10, 30, and 50). The findings show that the lower Shore hardness value of 10 exhibits a unique Sideways crack propagation characteristic, which is ideal for morphing skins due to its high stretchability, low actuation load, and high fracture toughness. The study also reveals that the Ecoflex 10 is suitable for use in span morphing, with a fracture toughness of approximately 1.1 kJ/m2 for all thicknesses at a slower strain rate of 0.4 mm/min. Overall, this work highlights the superior properties of Ecoflex 10 and its potential use as a morphing skin material, offering a groundbreaking solution to the challenges faced in this field.

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“…In addition to the usual ways in which PLLA composites are prepared, pultruded fiber-reinforced polymers (FRP) could be explored to obtain a building material from filler or fibers and biodegradable polymers. The pultrusion manufacturing process is the most economical of all currently used methods and the benefits of FRP include high strength-to-weight ratio, increased durability, resistance to corrosion, and environmental effects, and ease of handling [28][29][30]. Furthermore, FRPs have been widely used in several building structures and infrastructure domains due to their exceptional properties, including flexibility, high strength, and chemical resistance [31][32][33].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Effect of Biobased SiO2 on the Morphological, Thermal, Mechanical, Rheological, and Permeability Properties of PLLA/PEG/SiO2 Biocomposites

et al. 2023

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Nowadays, companies and researchers are concerned about the negative consequences of using synthetic polymers and direct their efforts to create new alternatives such as biocomposites. This study investigated the effect of biobased SiO2 on the properties of poly(L-lactic acid)/SiO2 (PLLA/SiO2) and poly(L-lactic acid)/SiO2/poly(ethylene glycol) (PLLA/SiO2/PEG) composites. The SiO2 was obtained from rice husk incineration and mixed with PLLA at various concentrations (5, 10, and 15 wt.%) via melt extrusion before compression molding. Furthermore, PLLA/SiO2/PEG composites with various PEG concentrations (0, 3, 5, and 10 wt.%) with 10 wt.% SiO2 were produced. The sample morphology was studied by scanning electron microscopy (SEM) to analyze the dispersion/adhesion of SiO2 in the polymer matrix and differential scanning calorimetry (DSC) was used under isothermal and non-isothermal conditions to study the thermal properties of the samples, which was complemented by thermal stability study using thermogravimetric analysis (TGA). Rheological analysis was performed to investigate the viscoelastic behavior of the composites in the melt state. At the same time, tensile mechanical properties were obtained at room temperature to determine their properties in the solid state. DSC and X-ray diffraction analysis (XRD) were combined to determine the crystalline state of the samples. Finally, gas permeation measurements were performed using a variable pressure (constant volume) method to analyze the permeability of different gases (CO2, CH4, O2, and H2). The results showed that SiO2 decreased the PLLA chain mobility, slowing the crystallization process and lowering the gas permeability while increasing Young’s modulus, thermal stability, and viscosity. However, PEG addition increased the crystallization rate compared to the neat PLLA (+40%), and its elongation at break (+26%), leading to more flexible/ductile samples. Due to improved silica dispersion and PLLA chain mobility, the material’s viscosity and gas permeability (+50%) were also improved with PEG addition. This research uses material considered as waste to improve the properties of PLA, obtaining a material with the potential to be used for packaging.

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Design Criteria for Pultruded Structural Elements

Cited by 11 publications

References 136 publications

Advances in composite forming through 25 years of ESAFORM

Advances in composite forming through 25 years of ESAFORM

A Multiaxial Fracture of Ecoflex Skin with Different Shore Hardness for Morphing Wing Application

Effect of Biobased SiO2 on the Morphological, Thermal, Mechanical, Rheological, and Permeability Properties of PLLA/PEG/SiO2 Biocomposites

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