Design and Validation of an Observational System for Penalty Kick Analysis in Football (OSPAF)

Abstract

The analysis of penalty kick has played an important role in performance analysis. The study aims are to get formal feedback on the relevance of variables for penalty kick analysis, to design and validate an observational system; and to assess experts’ opinion on the optimum video footage in penalty kick analysis. A structured development process was adopted for content validity, reliability and agreement on video usage. All observational variables included in OSPAF showed Aiken’s V values above the cut-off (for 5-scale V> 0.64; for 2-scale = V > 0.75; p < 0.05). Cohen’s Kappa resulted in mean intra- and inter-rater reliability values of 0.90 and 0.86, respectively. It is recommended to combine at least three different viewing angles (V = 0.90; p = 0.006) with standardization of video quality (V = 0.95; p = 0.006). Changing the viewing angles may influence the observer perception (V = 0.86; p = 0.006). The aerial and pitch-level viewing angle behind the penalty taker and pitch-level viewing angle behind the goalkeeper were indicated as most appropriate for observational analysis (V = 0.97; p = 0.01). The OSPAF met all requirements of instrument validation. It may be recommended as basis of future observational systems on penalty kicks.

Body Pose Estimation Integrated With Notational Analysis: A New Approach to Analyze Penalty Kicks Strategy in Elite Football

“…The analysis of penalty kick performance in football has played an important role in sports analytics (Paterson et al, 2020 ; Noël et al, 2021 ; Pinheiro et al, 2021a , b ). Over the past 30 years, there have been several scientific studies that identify the motivational-, strategic-, anticipatory-, attention-, and perception-based factors that can mean a successful or failed penalty kick (Memmert and Nöel, 2020 ).…”

“…Over the past 30 years, there have been several scientific studies that identify the motivational-, strategic-, anticipatory-, attention-, and perception-based factors that can mean a successful or failed penalty kick (Memmert and Nöel, 2020 ). Recent research focusing on the technical dynamics of penalty kicks has also identified multiple key variables that can differentiate the players strategy (Pinheiro et al, 2021b ) and enhance the overall chances of scoring a penalty kick (Jamil et al, 2020 ). The importance of the optimal performance of both the rival players during the penalty kick is paramount, especially since the introduction of the penalty shoot-out in major competitions to determine which team progresses after a drawn match (Fariña et al, 2013 ).…”

“…On the contrary, in the keeper-dependent strategy, the kicker tries to obtain information from the goalkeeper's reactions during the run-up. Nevertheless, the outcome of a penalty is determined by an interaction between the shooter's strategy (e.g., technique, speed) and the goalkeeper's strategy (Hunter et al, 2018 ; Pinheiro et al, 2021b ). The optimal strategy depends on the keeper's behavior and the relative benefits of speed, accuracy, and unpredictability within each situation.…”

“…The analysis of the penalty kick strategies has been investigated about numerous factors (Noël et al, 2015 ; Pinheiro et al, 2021b ). Noël et al ( 2015 ) developed a method for investigating penalty taker strategies, based on a controlled simulated situation.…”

Differences in discriminative reaction time between elite youth football players: a comparison between age-categories (Diferencias en el tiempo de reacción discriminativo entre jugadores de fútbol juvenil de élite: una comparación entre categorías de ed

“…To improve the performance of football players, a large amount of data is produced (Pinheiro et al, 2021). The literature has highlighted the importance of RT for success in football (Wojciech et al, 2021).…”