Design and simulation of a full-ring multi-lofthole collimator for brain SPECT

Abstract

Currently, clinical brain single photon emission computed tomography (SPECT) is mostly performed using rotating dual-head gamma cameras equipped with low-energy-high-resolution parallel-beam collimators (LEHR PAR). The resolution of these systems is rather poor (8-10 mm) and the rotation of the heavy gamma cameras can introduce misalignment errors. Therefore, we designed a static full-ring multi-lofthole brain SPECT insert for an existing ring of LaBr3 (5% Ce) detectors. The novelty of the design is found in the shutter mechanism that makes the system very flexible and eliminates the need for rotating parts. A stationary SPECT insert is not only more robust, it is also easier to integrate in a magnetic resonance imaging system (MRI) for simultaneous SPECT-MRI. The target spatial resolution of our design is 6 mm. In this study we used analytical calculations to optimize the collimator for an existing ring of LaBr3 (5% Ce) detectors. We fixed the target spatial resolution at 6 mm in the center of the field-of-view and maximized the volume sensitivity by changing the collimator radius, the aperture and the number of loftholes. Based on these optimal parameters we simulated phantom data and evaluated the image quality of our multi-lofthole system. We simulated a noiseless uniform and Defrise phantom to assess artifacts and sampling completeness and a noiseless hot-rod phantom to assess the reconstructed spatial resolution. We visually evaluated a simulated noisy Hoffman phantom with two lesions. Then, we evaluated the non-prewhitening matched filter signal-to-noise ratio (NPW-SNR) in two lesion detectability phantoms: one with hot lesions and one with cold lesions. Finally, a contrast-to-noise (CNR) study was performed on a phantom with both hot and cold lesions of different sizes (6-16 mm). All results were compared to a LEHR PAR system. The optimization resulted in a final collimator design with a volume sensitivity of 1.55 × 10(-4) cps Bq(-1), which is 2.5 times lower than the sensitivity of a dual-head system with LEHR PAR collimators. Spatial resolution, on the other hand, has clearly improved compared to LEHR PAR: with the multi-lofthole system we successfully reconstructed 4 mm hot rods. Although this improved resolution did not result in an unambiguous improvement in CNR or NPW-SNR, we believe that the flexibility of the shutter mechanism opens interesting perspectives toward time-multiplexing and integration with MRI.

Design of a Multi-Pinhole Collimator for I-123 DaTscan Imaging on Dual-Headed SPECT Systems in Combination with a Fan-Beam Collimator

“…However, it is possible that one may be able to obtain PET like spatial resolution in brain SPECT and not give up as much in sensitivity. Van Audenhaege et al [14] in simulations determined that by usage of resolution modeling in iterative reconstruction they were able to visualize 4 mm hot-rods when their target resolution was 6 mm at the center of their FOV. Thus it may be that larger apertures than those we determined herein can be employed which would result in improved sensitivity.…”

“…Thus the proposal to design and construct such a system dedicated to SPECT brain imaging would be a natural choice [8–14]. However, the excessive cost of these systems, particularly for imaging procedures utilized less commonly than cardiac perfusion imaging, is likely prohibitive.…”

Review of SPECT collimator selection, optimization, and fabrication for clinical and preclinical imaging

“…56 Multiple-pinhole collimators have also been used for other applications, like cardiac 57-59 and brain SPECT imaging. 20,60 With the arrival of high-resolution detector technologies, different studies have also shown the potential of combining multiple-pinhole collimators and object-minifying pinholedetector geometries. [19][20][21]61,62 Minifying multiple-pinhole collimators allows more projections on the detector, which is beneficial for stationary SPECT systems.…”

The Evaluation of Data Completeness and Image Quality in Multiplexing Multi-Pinhole SPECT

“…Noiseless projection data were simulated using an existing GPU-implementation [32] based on a ray-driven forward projector [33], [34] with pinhole subsampling (912 rays in an extended circular area around the pinhole aperture such that photons penetrating the pinhole edge with a probability as low as 0.01 are included [35]). Phantom attenuation and sensitivity are modelled analytically using the Beer-Lambert Law (describing the effect of attenuating tissue on the number of measured counts) and (11) respectively, but without using , as penetration is already modelled.…”