Abstract:This paper proposes high-density and high-fiber-count optical fiber cable, containing fiber ribbons inserted into slots and with a total number of fibers exceeding the current maximum of 1000. Cable structure and cable diameter, which are important factors for economical and efficient construction, are investigated theoretically and experimentally and the optimum structure for achieving small cable diameter is obtained. Based on the results, a 2000-fiber cable was manufactured and its performance was evaluated… Show more
“…Swollen hydrogels swell to a volume much larger than their original size with a weight 10–1000 times higher than their initial one. For this characteristic, hydrogels have been widely used in many fields such as diapers and napkins for personal care, drug delivery systems in pharmaceutical area, in catalysis, and in biosensing 1–8. Recently, their application has been extended also in agriculture, since could represent a suitable solution for water storage and controlled release 9–13…”
This work is focused on the preparation of new environmentally friendly hydrogels derived from cellulose and hence originating from renewable resources and characterized by biodegradable properties. Two cellulose derivatives, sodium carboxymethylcellulose (CMCNa) and hydroxyethylcellulose (HEC), were used for superabsorbent hydrogel preparation. Citric acid (CA), a crosslinking agent able to overcome toxicity and costs associated with other crosslinking reagents, was selected in a heat activated reaction. Differential scanning calorimeter (DSC), fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR), and swelling measurements were performed during the reaction progress to investigate the CA reactivity with each of the polymers. Also, CMCNa/HEC polymer mixtures (3/1 w/ w) crosslinked with CA were investigated and compared with previous results. Finally, a possible reaction mechanism was proposed.
“…Swollen hydrogels swell to a volume much larger than their original size with a weight 10–1000 times higher than their initial one. For this characteristic, hydrogels have been widely used in many fields such as diapers and napkins for personal care, drug delivery systems in pharmaceutical area, in catalysis, and in biosensing 1–8. Recently, their application has been extended also in agriculture, since could represent a suitable solution for water storage and controlled release 9–13…”
This work is focused on the preparation of new environmentally friendly hydrogels derived from cellulose and hence originating from renewable resources and characterized by biodegradable properties. Two cellulose derivatives, sodium carboxymethylcellulose (CMCNa) and hydroxyethylcellulose (HEC), were used for superabsorbent hydrogel preparation. Citric acid (CA), a crosslinking agent able to overcome toxicity and costs associated with other crosslinking reagents, was selected in a heat activated reaction. Differential scanning calorimeter (DSC), fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR), and swelling measurements were performed during the reaction progress to investigate the CA reactivity with each of the polymers. Also, CMCNa/HEC polymer mixtures (3/1 w/ w) crosslinked with CA were investigated and compared with previous results. Finally, a possible reaction mechanism was proposed.
“…Second, installation cost, the main factor in the total cable cost, is not affected by the number of fibers inside a cable [8]. And third, contrary to electrical cables optical fiber cables may contain thousands of fibers [9]. It is therefore advantageous to consider the multiplicity of fibers per cable in the network design.…”
Section: Introduction He Evolution Of Network Technology Has Led Tomentioning
A novel photonic network, MATRIX (for Multiwavelength All-optical TRansparent Information exchange), is proposed in this paper. The all-optical multihop network supports wavelength continuity and provides a very high network capacity. Spatial reuse of wavelengths as well as the multiplicity of fibers in optical fiber cables are exploited and enable the interconnection of N 2 network nodes with merely N wavelengths. The node structure is simple since neither tunable devices nor wavelength converters are required. Packets are routed through the network by photonic fast packet switching as well as by wavelength and experience a maximum hop number of two. Multiple optical paths between any pair of nodes provide a good network survivability.
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