Design and Performance Analysis of a Compact Quad-Element UWB MIMO Antenna for Automotive Communications

Abstract

This paper presents the design and analysis of a planar ultra-wideband (UWB) multiple-input-multiple-output (MIMO) antenna for modern vehicular communication systems. The proposed unit cell antenna structure was designed using modified elliptical radiators on a Rogers RO3003 substrate, has a size of 22 × 22 × 0.76 mm3, and covers an impedance bandwidth (S11 ≤ −10 dB) of 3.14 GHz to 12.24 GHz. The peak gain and efficiency of the unit cell prototype are 5.1 dBi and 81%, respectively. The unit cell was further developed into a MIMO antenna configuration with four elements placed orthogonal to each other in a single plane measuring 50 × 50 × 0.76 mm3. The measured isolation between the antenna elements was greater than 20 dB. The measured envelope correlation coefficient (ECC) of the MIMO antenna was less than 0.004, the diversity gain (DG) was greater than 9.67 dB, the total active reflection coefficient (TARC) was <−10 dB, and the mean effective gain (MEG) ratio was > 0.99. The characteristics of the proposed unit cell and the MIMO antenna were investigated for housing effects in order to validate the consistent performance of the antenna in the presence of conducting bodies. In addition, the radiation characteristics of the antenna when mounted on a vehicle were analyzed using a virtual model of the car. The results show that the proposed quad-element UWB MIMO array is compact, has good performance, and is well-suited for automotive applications.

The Study of Usefulness of a Set of Fractal Parameters to Build Classes of Disease Units Based on Images of Pigmented Skin Lesions

“…Studies carried out in recent years [35][36][37][38]52,53] reported that machine learning classification algorithms distinguish suspicious from non-suspicious skin lesions. These studies are geared towards the development of automated diagnosis systems, but the presence of the anisotropy of the images makes the automated analysis of dermatological images a difficult task [40].…”

“…Besides the examples mentioned above, fractal analysis can be using wide industrial applications, i.e., in civil engineering [29,30], material science [31,32], geology [33,34], chemical sciences [35,36] and automotive [37,38].…”

A Wide-Angle Pattern Diversity Antenna System for mmWave 5G Mobile Terminals

“…The corporate-fed array illustrated in [14] would occupy a larger physical footprint, when designed for the 28 GHz band. The MIMO concept illustrated in [15] might not be scaled down to Ka band. However, the design and deployment of phased arrays would be expensive.…”

Quad-Port Multiservice Diversity Antenna for Automotive Applications

“…1. The proposed antenna covers multiple bands, including UWB, whereas other antennas reported in the literature [38][39][40][41][42][43][44][45][46][47][48][49][50][51][52][53] operate on a single wideband frequency. 2.…”

“…2. The proposed antenna requires less space than the antenna configurations reported in [39][40][41][42][44][45][46][47][48][49][50][51][52][53][54][55]. 3.…”