Design and Modelling of Ladder-Shape Topology Generating Bandpass NGD Function

Abstract

This paper introduces a model and design of an innovative bandpass (BP) negative group delay (NGD) distributed circuit. The passive circuit topology under study is constituted by fully distributed elements without lumped components. The NGD passive structure is implemented as a ladder shape topology composed of distributed transmission line (TL) elements. The S-matrix model is established from TL-based equivalent Z-matrix operations with respect to the ladder geometry. As a proof of concept, a two-cell ladder prototype is designed in microstrip technology, which is simulated, fabricated, and tested. The calculated and simulated measurements are in very good agreement with the validation of BP NGD behaviour. NGD value is better than −3 ns with centre frequency between 3.56 and 3.68 GHz over more than 30 MHz NGD bandwidth being observed. The circuit operates under insertion loss better than 5 dB and reflection loss better than 8 dB. This innovative BP NGD passive circuit can be useful in the RF and microwave engineering area, for example, to reduce the signal propagation delay in the upcoming and 5G telecommunication systems.

Bandpass-Type NGD Design Engineering and Uncertainty Analysis of RLC-Series Resonator Based Passive Cell

“…To answer such curious questions, simpler and more fundamental circuit theory enabling to understand the different types of NGD function is necessary. An NGD circuit theory on low-pass (LP), high-pass (HP), and bandpass (BP) using NGD elementary functions was introduced [44][45][46][47][48][49][50][51][52][53][54]. Design approaches of LP NGD type passive circuit were proposed [44][45][46][47][48][49][50].…”

Stop-band type NGD RLC-resonant circuit sensitivity analysis

“…Based on the consideration of transfer function magnitude and GD, it was underlined that there is an analogy between the filter theory and NGD theory [28][29]. The concept of low-pass (LP) [28][29][30][31], high-pass (HP) [28][29][32][33], and even bandpass (BP) [28][29][34][35], NGD functions are innovatively initiated. It is worth to emphasize that because of the NGD intriguing properties and our familiarity to the filter terminologies, we may confuse LPfilter and LP-NGD [28][29][30][31], HP-filter and HP-NGD [28][29][32][33], and BP-filter and BP-NGD [28][29][34][35] functions.…”

“…The concept of low-pass (LP) [28][29][30][31], high-pass (HP) [28][29][32][33], and even bandpass (BP) [28][29][34][35], NGD functions are innovatively initiated. It is worth to emphasize that because of the NGD intriguing properties and our familiarity to the filter terminologies, we may confuse LPfilter and LP-NGD [28][29][30][31], HP-filter and HP-NGD [28][29][32][33], and BP-filter and BP-NGD [28][29][34][35] functions. The identification of these different types of NGD functions enables to classify in the simplest ways, all the NGD circuits.…”

S-matrix-based bandpass negative group delay innovative model of inverted parallel arm distributed topology

“…Until now, the easiest way to understand the NGD theory is based on the analogy with the linear filter function [20][21]. According to the NGD frequency bands, we can classify the low-pass [20][21][22][23], high-pass [20][21][24][25], and BP NGD functions [12][13][14][15][16][17][18][19][20][21][26][27].…”

“…1. In difference to the two cells-based BP NGD analysis introduced in [27], the BP NGD topology originality lies on the fact that the BP NGD function can also be generated even if the TLs constituting the arms present the same characteristic impedance and physical lengths. The paper is organized in three sections.…”