Design and Implementation of Four Enhanced Recovery Projects in Bay Fields of South Louisiana

Boardman, Roger; Moore, Larry Preston; Julian, Michael; Bilbrey, Don; Moore, J.S.

doi:10.2118/10697-ms

Cited by 8 publications

(1 citation statement)

References 2 publications

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“…Devido a questões operacionais, o projeto piloto em Canto do Amaro foi interrompido em Junho/2004 (Melo et al 2005) Apesar dos desafios relacionados à logística e à disponibilidade de água de baixa salinidade, a implementação de projetos de injeção de polímeros em ambientes marinhos também tem sido considerada (Zhou et al 2007;Zhou et al 2008;Morel et al 2008;Raney et al 2011;Kang et al 2014;Delamaide et al 2015). Projetos de injeção de polímeros em reservatórios offshore foram reportados nos campos West Bay (EUA) (Boardman et al 1982), Dos Cuadras (EUA) (Dovan et al 1990), Bohai Bay (China) (Han et al 2006;Zhou et al 2008) e Dalia (Angola) (Morel et al 2008;Morel et al 2015), além de dois projetos implementados no Mar do Norte nos campos Captain (Grã-Bretanha) (Osterloh e Law 1998) e Heidrun (Noruega) (Selle et al 2013). Entretanto, todos estes projetos de injeção de polímeros offshore foram implementados em reservatórios de arenito.…”

Section: Projetos Piloto E Aplicações De Campounclassified

Recuperação de petróleo por injeção de solução polimérica em rochas carbonáticas com monitoramento da frente de saturação

Lopes¹

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Polymer flooding is an enhanced recovery method applied to reduce the mobility of the aqueous phase, improving the oil sweep efficiency in the reservoir. However, the handling of the produced water in offshore environments is hampered by the limited platform space. Environmental issues also impede this produced water containing chemical additives from being discarded directly into the sea. In this way, it is essential designing the polymers flooding to offshore environments aiming to increase the oil recovery factor while the total injected/produced polymer solution is minimized.This work consisted of a laboratorial study aiming to evaluate and optimize the enhanced oil recovery method through the injection of polymer solution applied to offshore carbonate reservoirs. The polymer was continuously injected as a secondary oil recovery method and the results were compared with a conventional waterflooding. The polymer solutions were designed using a partially hydrolysed polyacrylamide, and the porous medium was represented by carbonate rocks (coquina).The displacement tests indicated that the polymer plays a fundamental role in increasing oil sweep efficiency and anticipating oil production. Although the injection of polymer solution has achieved a final oil recovery factor higher than that obtained with the conventional waterflooding, the maximum oil increment was established for a particular injected pore volume, from of which the addition of polymer to the recovery fluid is not justified.The results obtained in this work can contribute to the planning and customization of a polymer flooding applied to carbonate reservoirs. The determination of an optimum volume of the polymer solution to be injected can also support the analysis of the efficiency of the method focusing on optimum results with lower consumption of chemical additives.

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Section: Projetos Piloto E Aplicações De Campounclassified

Recuperação de petróleo por injeção de solução polimérica em rochas carbonáticas com monitoramento da frente de saturação

Lopes¹

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Chapter 8 Polyacrylamides

Wei¹,

Coscia²,

Kohen³

1989

Developments in Petroleum Science

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A Study of Mineral/Alkali Reactions

Mohnot

Bae

Foley

1987

SPE Reservoir Engineering

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Summary. A study of the reaction of alkaline chemicals with minerals constituting reservoir rock is presented. Static tests were conducted with high concentrations of NaOH and orthosilicate solutions and minerals (montmorillonite, kaolinite, illite, and quartz sand). The reaction time varied from 10 minutes to 2 months. Solutions were analyzed for hydroxide, Si, and At, and solids were analyzed by X-ray diffraction (XRD) and other spectroscopic techniques. The loss of useful alkalinity was the highest with kaolinite and the least with quartz sand for high alkali concentration (5 wt%) or temperature (180F [82C]). A detailed study of kaolinite/alkali reaction kinetics and quartz/alkali equilibrium is presented. presented. Introduction Extensive and fast propagation of hydroxide ions is important in both alkaline flooding and alkaline steamflooding. Rock minerals react with and deplete hydroxide ions from the injected alkaline solution. Also, new mineral formation, permeability changes, and scale formations have been observed. Therefore, understanding interactions of alkaline solutions with rock minerals is important for proper reservoir screening and design and operation of floods involving alkali. A detailed study of kaolinite/alkali reaction kinetics and quartz/alkali equilibrium is presented. A small amount of immediate alkalinity loss by ion exchange was observed. At high temperature, the irreversible alkali consumption by kaolinite was very fast for about 100 hours and slow later. Neither hydroxide consumption nor production of dissolved Si or Al followed simple kinetic models of a single irreversible reaction. The kaolinite/alkali reaction (at 180F [82C] and/or 5% NaOH) proceeded incongruently, forming new minerals and consuming proceeded incongruently, forming new minerals and consuming dissolved Si along with hydroxide ions. Therefore, after long-term reaction, the Si concentration dropped to a negligible value even if the initial alkali contained high Si concentration. Under specific conditions of slow reaction, however-e.g., 120F [49C] and 1% NaOH- the alkali consumption could be described by a single first-order reaction. Kaolinite consumed less alkali than montmorillonite at 120F [49C] and 1% NaOH. On the other hand, alkalies equilibrated with quartz contained large amounts of dissolved silica. The equilibrium in the quartz/alkali system was characterized by a (SiO2)/(Na2O) ratio of about 2.0 or by the relationship between concentrations of dissolved silica and hydroxide. The equilibrium results may be applicable to quartzitic sandstones containing insignificant amounts of kaolinite. The complicated nature of solution chemistry involving Si, Al, Na, and other species and the large number of possible minerals render their mathematical modeling extremely difficult. Present Models for Alkali Loss. Most of the recent laboratory Present Models for Alkali Loss. Most of the recent laboratory studies and field projects in alkaline flooding used higher alkali concentrations than those used in many earlier projects; the alkali concentration was 1 % or higher in most recent studies. High alkali concentration, combined with high temperature, causes rapid mineral/alkali reactions and fast reduction in hydroxide ion concentration. Hydroxide loss by Na + /H + exchange has been thought to be less than the irreversible loss by mineral/alkali reactions. Two approaches have been used in the past to estimate potential alkalinity loss in the reservoir. One used static (bottle) or flow (core-flood) experiments to obtain a single alkalinity-loss value ieq/100 coring rock. The other, the model approach, used a single irreversible first-order reaction whose rate constant was found from flow tests. The alkali consumption can be underestimated or overestimated in the first approach, depending on the method by which the data are extrapolated for design purposes. For example, if the slow, long-term consumption is ignored, significant underprediction of loss is possible. The second approach should be adequate if the reaction can indeed be modeled by a single irreversible reaction. It appears that rock/alkali reactions are not amenable to modeling by a single irreversible reaction. Experiments with two reservoir sands revealed that the data in one case followed first-order reaction for 4 days but failed to do so in the other case even over such a short time. Another type of mathematical model that allows dissolution/precipitation phenomena is not adequate because of the local equilibrium assumption. Rock Minerals. Important rock-forming minerals include silica, silicates, alumina, aluminosilicates, carbonates, and sulfates. Most petroleum reservoir rocks are either silica- or carbonate-based. Even though pure calcite does not consume much alkali, carbonate reservoir rocks consume alkali to prohibitive levels because of the reaction of alkali with accompanying gypsum and anhydrite impurities. The silica-based sands and sandstones are composed of quartz, layered aluminosilicates (montmorillonite, kaolinite, illite, chlorite, and mixed-layer minerals), and nonlayered aluminosilicates (feldspars, zeolites, etc.). Quartz is the most abundant fraction by weight and is present largely in the form of sand grains with a fraction present as fines. The clay minerals are crystalline hydrous silicates with a layered structure. Generally, all minerals are present in the crystalline form because of the long geologic age involved. However, some formations may have a fraction of silica present in amorphous form because of lower formation temperatures. XRD is used to obtain the mineral analysis of rocks by weight percent. Perhaps the most important factor of interest is the surface area of individual minerals exposed to the alkaline solution in the pores of formation rock. This information is usually unavailable but may be crudely estimated by scanning-electron-microscope (SEM) identification of clay positions in the formation samples. positions in the formation samples. Montmorillonites (smectite), illite, and kaolinite clays were commonly found in the formation samples. Kaolinite was generally the predominant clay detected, regardless of depth of burial, and predominant clay detected, regardless of depth of burial, and was usually concentrated in isolated spots. Mineral/Alkali Reactions. Bunge and Radke reported dissolved silicon concentration from batch dissolution experiments with some minerals using 0.1 N NaOH at 158F [70C], 200 mL alkali/g mineral, and up to 100 hours of reaction. They concluded that the dis-solution of silica is much faster than other minerals and suggested first-order irreversible kinetics. Because of the large liquid/solid ratio and short times involved, however, extrapolation of data to reservoir conditions cannot be justified. p. 312

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Design and Implementation of Four Enhanced Recovery Projects in Bay Fields of South Louisiana

Cited by 8 publications

References 2 publications

Recuperação de petróleo por injeção de solução polimérica em rochas carbonáticas com monitoramento da frente de saturação

Recuperação de petróleo por injeção de solução polimérica em rochas carbonáticas com monitoramento da frente de saturação

Chapter 8 Polyacrylamides

A Study of Mineral/Alkali Reactions

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