Design and experimental performance of a PV Ice-maker without battery

Performance study of a solar photovoltaic air conditioner in the hot summer and cold winter zone

“…Based on electrical current used, the stand-alone system can be subdivided into alternative current system and direct current system. Solar energy has already been widely used as an energy source for heating (Esen, 2000;Esen and Yuksel, 2013) and cooling (Henning, 2007;Kattakayam and Srinivasan, 2004;Axaopoulos and Theodoridis, 2009;Fumo et al, 2013). As there is a high coincidence of the solar radiation and the building cooling load in summer, the solar powered cooling machine can provide the indoor environment with maximum cooling capacity.…”

An ice machine adapted into an autonomous photovoltaic system without batteries using a variable‐speed drive

“…They achieved clear-day specific ice production of %49 kg/kW p [11] and %34 kg/kW p [12] compared to %27 kg/kW p achieved in the present project. Nevertheless, due to economies of scale, multiple compressors, evaporators, and condensers that add to a total capacity are more expensive than a single unit of the same total capacity.…”

“…For comparison, the other recent PV ice machine projects [11,12] employed multiple compressors to better use available PV energy. They achieved clear-day specific ice production of %49 kg/kW p [11] and %34 kg/kW p [12] compared to %27 kg/kW p achieved in the present project.…”

“…This poses serious obstacles for its deployment in remote rural areas: significant investment needed from manufacturer, lack of manufacturing scale with resulting high costs, and unavailability of resources (material and human) for long-term maintenance [9,10]. A recently explored alternative is to make ice with photovoltaics (PV) powering electrical refrigeration equipment with little [11] or no [12] electrochemical storage. This approach benefits from experience and scale of PV and mainstream refrigeration industries, promising lower costs and easier access to maintenance resources.…”

Performance characterisation of a small milk cooling system with ice storage for PV applications

“…Moreover the storage of ice during several days reduces the amount of batteries needed to run the system. This fact has a positive influence on investment and maintenance costs as studied in detail in [21]. The flexible operation of both refrigerators to produce ice and cool down milk simultaneously increases the cooling speed while reducing specific investment cost.…”