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The objective of the current review is to present the development of a large vertical axis wind turbine (VAWT) since its naissance to its current applications. The turbines are critically reviewed in terms of performance, blade configuration, tower design, and mode of failure. The early VAWTs mostly failed due to metal fatigue since the composites were not developed. Revisiting those configurations could yield insight into the future development of VAWT. The challenges faced by horizontal axis wind turbine (HAWT), especially in the megawatt capacity, renewed interest in large scale VAWT. VAWT provides a solution for some of the immediate challenges faced by HAWT in the offshore environment in terms of reliability, maintenance, and cost. The current rate of research and development on VAWT could lead to potential and economical alternatives for HAWT. The current summary on VAWT is envisioned to be an information hub about the growth of the Darrieus turbine from the kW capacity to megawatt scale. turbine to avert the wind load [2] has opened up new areas of application. Innovative turbines are continuing to emerge to address the shortcomings of the original Darrieus design [3,4]. Tailored airfoils are developed for the Darrieus rotor to enhance self-starting capability [5][6][7][8]. Various mathematical models [3,7] are developed to assess the rotor performance. Computational simulation is extensively used to optimise the Darrieus turbine and serves as an alternative for costly prototyping [9]. The evolution of small VAWTs with the capacity of less than 50 kW are reviewed by the author in previous work [10]. This review has been categorised based on the timeline of development. The turbines are examined on their configuration, type of support, specifications, the reason for failure, and current status. The current study is a knowledge hub on past projects that yields valuable information on the failure to develop efficient and cost-effective VAWTs. Though the paper aims to cover most of the turbines that were developed in the past and current ongoing projects, there may be missing projects of which the author is unaware.
The objective of the current review is to present the development of a large vertical axis wind turbine (VAWT) since its naissance to its current applications. The turbines are critically reviewed in terms of performance, blade configuration, tower design, and mode of failure. The early VAWTs mostly failed due to metal fatigue since the composites were not developed. Revisiting those configurations could yield insight into the future development of VAWT. The challenges faced by horizontal axis wind turbine (HAWT), especially in the megawatt capacity, renewed interest in large scale VAWT. VAWT provides a solution for some of the immediate challenges faced by HAWT in the offshore environment in terms of reliability, maintenance, and cost. The current rate of research and development on VAWT could lead to potential and economical alternatives for HAWT. The current summary on VAWT is envisioned to be an information hub about the growth of the Darrieus turbine from the kW capacity to megawatt scale. turbine to avert the wind load [2] has opened up new areas of application. Innovative turbines are continuing to emerge to address the shortcomings of the original Darrieus design [3,4]. Tailored airfoils are developed for the Darrieus rotor to enhance self-starting capability [5][6][7][8]. Various mathematical models [3,7] are developed to assess the rotor performance. Computational simulation is extensively used to optimise the Darrieus turbine and serves as an alternative for costly prototyping [9]. The evolution of small VAWTs with the capacity of less than 50 kW are reviewed by the author in previous work [10]. This review has been categorised based on the timeline of development. The turbines are examined on their configuration, type of support, specifications, the reason for failure, and current status. The current study is a knowledge hub on past projects that yields valuable information on the failure to develop efficient and cost-effective VAWTs. Though the paper aims to cover most of the turbines that were developed in the past and current ongoing projects, there may be missing projects of which the author is unaware.
Wind energy witnessed tremendous growth in the past decade and emerged as the most sought renewable energy source after solar energy. Though the Horizontal Axis Wind Turbines (HAWT) is preferred for multi-megawatt power generation, Vertical Axis Wind Turbines (VAWT) is as competitive as HAWT. The current study aims to summarize the development of VAWT, in particular, Darrieus turbine from the past to the project that is underway. The reason for the technical challenges and past failures are discussed. Various configurations of VAWT have been assessed in terms of reliability, components and low wind speed performance. Innovative concepts and the feasibility to scale up for megawatt electricity generation, especially in offshore environments are investigated. This paper is a modest attempt to highlight the state-of-the-art information on the ongoing developments focusing on decentralized power generation. This review is envisioned as an information hub for the major developments in VAWT and its technical advancements so far.
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