Design and construction of a microporous CO 3 2 − -containing HA/β-TCP biphasic ceramic as a novel bone graft material

Abstract

Biphasic calcium phosphate (BCP) ceramics, viewed as the first-line therapeutic materials in clinical practice, are still confronted with challenges such as undesirable biocompatibility and bioactivity given their structural and chemical deficiency. In this study, we designed a novel microporous -CO 3 2 -containing BCP ceramic from Salmo salar bone in a CO 2 atmosphere via two-step hightemperature sintering, and its physicochemical properties and biocompatibility were explored. A without -CO 3 2 -BCP bioceramic material prepared in a single gas atmosphere was used as a comparison. The two scaffolds were characterized by x-ray diffraction (XRD), fourier transform infrared (FTIR) spectroscopy, and scanning electron microscopy (SEM) , measured the size of its porosity and specific surface area by an instrument and in vitro cell experiment was used to test its biocompatibility. Such synthetic strategy endowed the BCP products with increased β-tricalcium phosphate (β-TCP) percentage from 37.18wt% to 45.3wt% (compared to BCP without -CO 3 2 ), with the -CO 3 2 content calculated to be 1.98wt%, which is close to that in human bone tissue. The amount of -CO 3 2 incorporation, the a-axes of the lattice parameters have decreased significantly from 9.4845 nm to 9.2942 nm by Rietveld structure refinement. Especially, the novel -CO 3 2 containing BCP exhibits a lower degree of crystallinity than that without CO3 2-. In addition, the natural microporosity remarkably increased from 49.6% for BCP without -CO 3 2 to 64.06% for -CO 3 2 -containing BCP, and the specific surface area increased from 5.829 m 2 g −1 to 17.161 m 2 g −1 . Besides, two materials were non-toxic to human bone marrow mesenchymal stem cells (hBMSCs), and the -CO 3 2 -containing BCP had more factor expression in the early stage of osteogenesis induction, such as Runx2 and Smad 4. Overall, microporous -CO 3 2 -containing BCP were prepared via a simple preparation method from natural bone, combining the structural and chemical preponderance, as well as in vitro performance it should be considered as a promising biomaterial for further explorations in the fields of bone graft materials from natural bone to satisfy versatile clinical requirements.

Physical Characterization of Biphasic Materials With Different Granulation Sizes and Their Influence on Bone Repair and Inflammation in Rat Calvaria

“…By contrast, biphasic materials have a signi cantly higher total pore volume, a property that allows an increase in the permeability of interstitial uids, the development of a capillary system, and the migration of new bone cells 4,8,24,31 . The diameter of interconnected pores should be at least 100 µm although 300 µm was considered the recommended minimum diameter to allow angiogenesis and bone neoformation inside existing porosities 6 .…”

“…The biphasic material has a porosity considered dynamic due to the process of the progressive resorption of β-TCP, which is different from what occurs with xenogeneic graft. Accordingly, the progressive increase in the porosity of biphasic material as a function of time may bring some bene ts to bone neoformation and angiogenesis 24,31 .…”

“…In this sense, this study evaluated the osteoconductivity of a low-cost synthetic, which does not offer the risk of the transmission of diseases or cause antigenic reactions. In addition to the origin of the material, physical characteristics related to the form of processing, composition, crystallinity, porosity, shape, and particle size directly in uence the speed of the resorption of biomaterials and other aspects related to osteoconduction 6,24 . The particle size is closely related to the microenvironment created by the insertion and compaction of granules inside bone defects and to the three-dimensional architecture obtained in the initial phase of repair 4,10 .…”

“…A higher speci c surface area has a direct relationship with the increase in the adsorption of macromolecules and proteins, particularly involved with the induction of osteogenesis 4,24,27,31 . In this study, the signi cant difference in the results of the speci c areas of surfaces obtained in the groups evaluated (Table 1) can be explained by the characteristics of the xenogeneic material, which has greater microporosity and is fully processed from bovine medullary inorganic bone, while the test groups are synthetic materials, whose own processes of sintering of its particles result in lower values in this parameter 4,13 .…”

A Review on Biphasic Calcium Phosphate Materials Derived from Fish Discards

“…To remove the organic substance and grease attached to their surface, fish discards were washed with distilled water [91], ethanol, and deionized water for 1 h [92], 2 h [93,94], or 3 h [32] or with boiling water [13,86,88,89,[95][96][97] for 1 h [90,98,99] or 48 h [84] in an over pressurized water jet [90] and treated with 1% [98] or 5% (w/v) [91] sodium hydroxide solution and washed with ultra-pure water [98] or with 0.1 M HCl and washed with distilled water [91].…”