Design and characterization of the beam monitor detectors of the Italian National Center of Oncological Hadron-therapy (CNAO)

Giordanengo, S.; Donetti, M.; Garella, Ma; Marchetto, F.; Alampi, G.; Ansarinejad, Abdolkazem; Monaco, V.; Mucchi, M.; Pecka, I. A.; Peroni, C.; Sacchi, R.; Scalise, M.; Tomba, Caterina; Cirio, R.

doi:10.1016/j.nima.2012.10.004

Cited by 35 publications

(34 citation statements)

References 13 publications

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“…In particular, 2‐D arrays of ICs have been developed to accurately and efficiently verify the 1D dose profiles, the planar dose, the 3D dose distributions and also as beam monitors . Their main disadvantage is the relatively low spatial resolution (5–8 mm distance between sensors) compared with films, or scintillating screens.…”

Section: Detectors For Absorbed Dose In Nonreference Conditionsmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Dose detectors, sensors, and their applications

Giordanengo

2018

Medical Physics

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This article is intended to present the different types of particle and radiation detectors available for applications in particle therapy. Several types of detectors and sensors exist for measurements of absorbed dose in reference and nonreference conditions and the ones in use for beam monitoring. Therefore, this manuscript focuses on the following applications: (a) primary methods for dosimetry in ion beams, (b) measurements of absorbed dose in realistic patient‐specific scenarios with different dose delivery configurations, and (c) beam monitoring. Water and graphite calorimeters, Faraday cups, ionization based gas detectors are described first, followed by the description of the protocols for proton and ion dosimetry. Then films, scintillator and solid‐state detectors are reviewed. Finally, several types of ionization chambers (large, pinpoint, arrays of chambers arranged in regular 1D or 2D pattern, parallel‐plate configuration with large integral electrodes or with anode segmented in strips or pixels, multi‐wire, and the multi‐gap prototype) have been considered. New beam monitors to deal with a wide range of intensity and pulsed beams expected from new accelerators, different dose fractionation and advanced delivery techniques are presented. The existing detectors available for particle therapy have been described taking into account the different requirements for devices used in reference and nonreference conditions and the ones designed for beam monitoring.

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Section: Detectors For Absorbed Dose In Nonreference Conditionsmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…The layout of such devices depends on the required spatial resolution and on the total area to be covered. In particular, strip chambers usually provide higher resolution (<100 μm) and faster (20 kHz) beam position evaluation compared with pixel chambers (>200 μm and 5 kHz) with the same sensitive area …”

Section: Detectors For Beam Monitoringmentioning

confidence: 99%

Dose detectors, sensors, and their applications

Giordanengo

2018

Medical Physics

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“…For the measurements presented in this paper, the gain was fixed to a charge quantum of 200 fC, a setting commonly used in clinical applications [8]. It was shown [9] that this gain is fairly uniform across the channels, with a channel-to-channel variation of 1.28% rms.…”

Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…In this paper we present a simple and effective solution to increase by almost two orders of magnitude the input current range of an Application Specific Integrated Circuit (ASIC) which was designed by our group and used in several laboratories worldwide [6][7][8], still maintaining a good performance in terms of noise and resolution. The chip, named TERA, implements an architecture based on a charge-to-count converter and integrates 64 equal channels.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

A simple method to increase the current range of the TERA chip in charged particle therapy applications

Cirio

Fausti

Guarachi

et al. 2015

Nuclear Instruments and Methods in Physics Research Section A:

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a b s t r a c tThe development of the next generation of accelerators for charged particle radiotherapy aims to reduce dimensions and operational complexity of the machines by engineering pulsed beams accelerators. The drawback is the increased difficulty to monitor the beam delivery. Within each pulse, instantaneous currents larger by two to three orders of magnitude than present applications are expected, which would saturate the readout of the monitor chambers. In this paper, we report of a simple method to increase by almost two orders of magnitude the current range of an Application Specific Integrated Circuit chip previously developed by our group to read out monitor ionization chambers.

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“…CNAO is an Italian hospital-based facility using a synchrotron to accelerate proton and carbon ion beams [15-17]. Spill-to-spill capability of beam energy variation, as well as pencil beam scanning in the transversal plane, are provided as full 3-D active dose delivery modality.…”

Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Application of failure mode and effects analysis to treatment planning in scanned proton beam radiotherapy

Cantone

Ciocca

Dionisi³

et al. 2013

Radiat Oncol

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BackgroundA multidisciplinary and multi-institutional working group applied the Failure Mode and Effects Analysis (FMEA) approach to the actively scanned proton beam radiotherapy process implemented at CNAO (Centro Nazionale di Adroterapia Oncologica), aiming at preventing accidental exposures to the patient.MethodsFMEA was applied to the treatment planning stage and consisted of three steps: i) identification of the involved sub-processes; ii) identification and ranking of the potential failure modes, together with their causes and effects, using the risk probability number (RPN) scoring system, iii) identification of additional safety measures to be proposed for process quality and safety improvement. RPN upper threshold for little concern of risk was set at 125.ResultsThirty-four sub-processes were identified, twenty-two of them were judged to be potentially prone to one or more failure modes. A total of forty-four failure modes were recognized, 52% of them characterized by an RPN score equal to 80 or higher. The threshold of 125 for RPN was exceeded in five cases only. The most critical sub-process appeared related to the delineation and correction of artefacts in planning CT data. Failures associated to that sub-process were inaccurate delineation of the artefacts and incorrect proton stopping power assignment to body regions. Other significant failure modes consisted of an outdated representation of the patient anatomy, an improper selection of beam direction and of the physical beam model or dose calculation grid. The main effects of these failures were represented by wrong dose distribution (i.e. deviating from the planned one) delivered to the patient. Additional strategies for risk mitigation, easily and immediately applicable, consisted of a systematic information collection about any known implanted prosthesis directly from each patient and enforcing a short interval time between CT scan and treatment start. Moreover, (i) the investigation of dedicated CT image reconstruction algorithms, (ii) further evaluation of treatment plan robustness and (iii) implementation of independent methods for dose calculation (such as Monte Carlo simulations) may represent novel solutions to increase patient safety.ConclusionsFMEA is a useful tool for prospective evaluation of patient safety in proton beam radiotherapy. The application of this method to the treatment planning stage lead to identify strategies for risk mitigation in addition to the safety measures already adopted in clinical practice.

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Design and characterization of the beam monitor detectors of the Italian National Center of Oncological Hadron-therapy (CNAO)

Cited by 35 publications

References 13 publications

Dose detectors, sensors, and their applications

Dose detectors, sensors, and their applications

A simple method to increase the current range of the TERA chip in charged particle therapy applications

Application of failure mode and effects analysis to treatment planning in scanned proton beam radiotherapy

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