“…Commercial CAD software is used in work on analyzing the properties of springs with relatively simple geometries (Gu et al, 2020;Rahul & Rameshkumar, 2021;Arshad et al, 2022), since it has limited capabilities for shaping the geometry of helical springs and usually allows only the control of selected parameters within an arbitrarily imposed spring scheme, most often in accordance with EN 13906-1:2013 standard. Other studies that used CAD software with such limitations include (Chandravanshi & Mukhopadhyay, 2017;Gzal et al, 2017;Nazir et al, 2020;Sahu et al, 2022). Commercial spreadsheet-based engineering software can also be used for the design and analysis of such springs (Schorcht et al, 1998;Liberman, 2006;Meissner & Schorcht, 2007).…”