“…Bis(2,2′-bipyridine)-4′-methyl-4-carboxybipyridine-ruthenium N-succinimidyl ester-bis-(hexafluorophosphate) (the cation was abbreviated as Ru1), bovine serum albumin (BSA) were purchased from Sigma-Aldrich (USA ECL measurements were performed on a multifunctional ECL imaging analyzer (REFP-1) using a photomultiplier tube (PMT) and a charge-coupled device (CCD) as detectors. 26 Electrochemical measurement was performed on CHI 660E. UV−vis absorption spectrophotometer (UV-2450, Shimadzu, Japan), scanning electron microscope (SEM, TM3030, Hitachi, Japan), field-emission scanning electron microscope (FE-SEM, SU-8820, Hitachi, Japan), OCA 20 video optical contact angle measuring instrument (Dataphysics, Germany), thermostatic vortex mixer (MTC-100, Hangzhou Miu Instruments Co. Ltd., China), and 12-hole dual-purpose magnetic shelf (GO-MRTD-12S, GeneOn BioTech Co., Ltd. China) were employed in this work.…”