Design and Analysis of Stability-Guaranteed PUFs

Abstract

Abstract-The lack of stability is one of the major limitations that constrains Physical Unclonable Function (PUF) from being put in widespread practical use. In this paper, we propose a weak PUF and a strong PUF that are both completely stable with 0% intra-distance. These PUFs are called Locally Enhanced Defectivity Physical Unclonable Function (LEDPUF). The source of randomness of a LEDPUF is extracted from locally enhance defectivity without affecting other parts of the chip. A LEDPUF is a pure functional PUF that does not require helper data, fuzzy comparator, or any kinds of correction schemes as conventional parametric PUFs do. A weak LEDPUF is constructed by forming arrays of Directed Self Assembly (DSA) random connections is presented, and the strong LEDPUF is implemented by using the weak LEDPUF as the key of a keyed-hash message authentication code (HMAC). Our simulation and statistical results show that the entropy of the weak LEDPUF bits is close to ideal, and the inter-distances of both weak and strong LEDPUFs are about 50%, which means that these LEDPUFs are not only stable but also unique.We develop a new unified framework for evaluating the level of security of PUFs, based on password security, by using information theoretic tools of guesswork. The guesswork model allows to quantitatively compare, with a single unified metric, PUFs with varying levels of stability, bias and available side information. In addition, it generalizes other measures to evaluate the security level such as min-entropy and mutual information. We evaluate guesswork-based security of some measured SRAM and Ring Oscillator PUFs as an example and compare them with LEDPUF to show that stability has a more severe impact on the PUF security than biased responses. Furthermore, we find the guesswork of three new problems: Guesswork under probability of attack failure, the guesswork of idealized version of a message authentication code, and the guesswork of strong PUFs that are used for authentication.

A Lightweight RFID Mutual Authentication Protocol with PUF

“…Unfortunately, most of them are noisy PUFs requiring error correction mechanisms. In 2017, Wang et al [53] proposed Locally Enhanced Defectivity Physical Unclonable Function (LEDPUF), which is a stability-guaranteed PUF that needs no error correction techniques. In Wang et al [53], weak LEDPUF and strong LEDPUF were both presented.…”

“…In 2017, Wang et al [53] proposed Locally Enhanced Defectivity Physical Unclonable Function (LEDPUF), which is a stability-guaranteed PUF that needs no error correction techniques. In Wang et al [53], weak LEDPUF and strong LEDPUF were both presented. As discussed in Section 5.2.6, our proposed protocol can defend against modeling attacks.…”

Implementation of stable PUFs using gate oxide breakdown

“…On the other hand, Guesswork incorporates the effect of bias and noise into a single measure that enables us to evaluate how much they affect the security level. This interplay is presented for the ρth moment of guesswork in [18] by the following equation…”

“…case the min-entropy is Hmin (X) = − log 2 (max (PX )) = − 1 m log 2 (P r (G (X) = 1)) . (9) In addition, it is shown in [18] that min-entropy also captures the average guesswork for strong PUFs under model building attacks.…”

Chaos-Based Physical Unclonable Functions

“…The advantages and applications of PUFs initiated a search for methods of harvesting of PUF keys from physical processes. Among proposed solutions, we can find: ring oscillators [7,9], transient effect ring oscillators [10], dynamic ring oscillators [11], ordering-based ring oscillator [12], convergence time of bistable rings [8], sneak paths in the resistive X-point array [13], power consumption differences of Advanced Encryption Standard Sbox inversion functions [14], occurrence of metastability [15], static memory [16,17], dynamic memory [18,19], switching behavior of emerging magneto-resistive memory devices [20], switching of resistive random access memory [21], reduction-oxidation resistive switching memories [22], decay-based Dynamic Random Access Memory [23], locally enhanced defectivity [24], combination of multiplexers and arbiters [25], wireless sensors [26], Complementary Metal-Oxide Semiconductor image sensors [27], nonlinearities of data converters [28], mismatch of capacitor ratios [29], primitive shifting permutation network (barrel shifter) [30], cellular neural networks [31], customized dynamic two-stage comparator [32], and many others.…”