Desensitization treatment of agoraphobia

James, Jack E.

doi:10.1111/j.2044-8260.1985.tb01326.x

Cited by 4 publications

(4 citation statements)

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“…exclusive of potentially useful procedures such as imaginal exposure) for the treatment of phobic fear and avoidance. When the findings of the present review of flooding are considered alongside similar conclusions concerning imaginal and in vivo desensitization (James, 1985), there would appear to be strong support for the cautionary comment by Chambless et al (1982) that "we may be abandoning imaginal exposure too precipitously" (p. 230).…”

Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 50%

“…However, with regard to desensitization, it appears that claims attributing superiority to in vivo over imaginal desensitization have confounded the results of analogue studies of fear and avoidance with the results of studies involving clinical populations. When only clinical literature was considered, James (1985) found that contrary to frequent claims neither imaginal nor in vivo desensitization showed any consistent superiority over the other. In view of this finding, the present review examined the claim that in vivo flooding is generally superior to imaginal flooding in the management of clinical fear.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 64%

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Review of the Relative Efficacy of Imaginal andIn VivoFlooding in the Treatment of Clinical Fear

James

1986

Behav. Cogn. Psychother.

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The present review concerns the relative efficacy of imaginal andin vivoflooding in the treatment of debilitating fear. It has generally been concluded thatin vivoflooding is superior to flooding in imagery. However, in the present review, serious methodological weaknesses were found to exist in a number of studies which have been frequently cited as demonstrating the superiority ofin vivoflooding. In addition, recent empirical studies are reviewed which cast doubt on the belief thatin vivoflooding is superior to imaginal flooding. Overall, little support was found for recent recommendations advocating the abandonment of methods of imaginal exposure in the treatment of clinical fear.

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Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 50%

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 64%

Review of the Relative Efficacy of Imaginal andIn VivoFlooding in the Treatment of Clinical Fear

James

1986

Behav. Cogn. Psychother.

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“…As such, most of what passes for cognitive theory and practice can be more clearly explained in terms of the principles that describe the role and functions of rulegoverned behaviour. Moreover, this analysis is consistent with a large volume of empirical data on the successful treatment of anxiety disorders, which suggests that processes involved in anxiety reduction are essentially both cognitive and enactive (i.e., involve symbolic and direct experience) (James, 1985(James, ,1986.…”

Section: Cognitive Therapysupporting

confidence: 81%

“…Moreover, this analysis is consistent with a large volume of empirical data on the successful treatment of anxiety disorders, which suggests that processes involved in anxiety reduction are essentially both cognitive and enactive (i.e., involve symbolic and direct experience) (James, 1985(James, ,1986. Practice provides conditioning opportunities, and these further strengthen the discriminative-stimulus properties of relevant cognitions (i.e., thoughts beliefs, self-statements, etc.)…”

Section: Cognitive Therapysupporting

confidence: 79%

Cognitive-behavioural theory: An alternative conception

James

1993

Australian Psychologist

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The present paper aims to show that mainstream cognitive and cognitive-behavioural theories are fundamentally flawed, and should be discarded in favour of a behavioural explanation of the relationship between cognition and behaviour. The essence of this behavioural explanation of cognitive control is the distinction between contingency-shaped and rule-governed behaviour. The former occurs when come quences are experienced directly, whereas the latter influences perceived consequences. Cognitive events, including thoughts, expectations, beliefs, and images, function as rules that encode relevant COD tingencies of reinforcement. In turn, rules serve as potent cognitive discriminative stimuli that profoundly influence current and future behaviour.For example, about half of the text of Skinner's (1969) book, Contingencies of reinforcement: A theoretical analysis, was concerned with subjective experience, and he lamented the fact that this aspect of human behaviour has not received sufficient atten-

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Behaviour Completion Mechanisms, Anxiety and Agoraphobia

McConaghy¹,

Silove²,

Hall³

1989

Aust N Z J Psychiatry

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Little attention has been paid to the situations which provoke the initial attack of anxiety in agoraphobia. According to the behaviour completion hypothesis many normal subjects experience increased tension in such situations when there is a delay in the completion of a behaviour. One hundred and eight medical students completed a questionnaire designed to investigate this hypothesis. They reported experiencing increased tension or anxiety significantly more frequently in situations provoking agoraphobia when the situations contained a component of delay, as compared to such situations without this component, or to situations not commonly provoking agoraphobia. It is proposed that tension, anxiety and panic form a continuum of increasing levels of arousal, but are associated with different cognitions. It is further proposed that the arousal level of agoraphobics is sensitized, so that delay which provokes mild increases of arousal in the healthy, provokes high arousal in agoraphobics. This finding supports the hypothesis that delay in behaviour completion is a mechanism in the generation of tension and anxiety.

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Desensitization treatment of agoraphobia

Cited by 4 publications

References 1 publication

Review of the Relative Efficacy of Imaginal andIn VivoFlooding in the Treatment of Clinical Fear

Review of the Relative Efficacy of Imaginal andIn VivoFlooding in the Treatment of Clinical Fear

Cognitive-behavioural theory: An alternative conception

Behaviour Completion Mechanisms, Anxiety and Agoraphobia

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