Desalination by ammonia–carbon dioxide forward osmosis: Influence of draw and feed solution concentrations on process performance

Fabrication and performance of PET mesh enhanced cellulose acetate membranes for forward osmosis

“…Water flux and the reverse salt flux from the draw solution to the feed were determined by a method reported elsewhere previously (McCutcheon et al, 2006;Wang et al, 2010). DI water (1.5 L) was used as the feed and NaCl aqueous solution (1.5 L) was used as the draw solution.…”

“…Although there are still considerable numbers of studies focusing on membrane preparation (Setiawan et al, 2011), characterization , and antifouling modifications , nowadays increasing numbers of studies are beginning to be carried out on pilot scale and/or industrial level application (Altaee and Hilal, 2015;Hancock et al, 2013). As an environmentally friendly separation process, it has been widely studied in potential applications including wastewater treatment (Achilli et al, 2009;Zhao et al, 2015) and water purification (Cath et al, 2005;Duong and Chung, 2014), seawater desalination (Altaee et al, 2014;McCutcheon et al, 2006), food processing (Jiao et al, 2004;Petrotos and Lazarides, 2001), pharmaceutical applications (LaVan et al, 2003;Su and Lin, 2004), and power generation (Jia et al, 2014;Yip et al, 2011). The Modern Water Inc. (UK) has constructed seawater desalination plants based on the FO process, and Hydration Technology Innovation (HTI) has successfully developed a commercial product (SeaPack) for emergency water supply.…”

“…Almost all the FO membranes suffer from severe internal concentration polarization (ICP). This is an important factor that hinders the application of FO, and is believed to be the main reason why the FO process has a much lower water flux than expected (McCutcheon et al, 2006). Early FO studies showed that ICP may be capable of reducing water flux by more than 80% (Mehta and Loeb, 1979).…”

Research Advance on Draw Solution in Forward Osmosis Process

“…That is an ideal option to be an draw solution. To be an draw solution, it requires the volatile gas to be high solubility in water, and it is usually a high dissolved gas with acidic or alkaline such as SO 2 or NH 3 .…”

“…The choice of draw solution should follow these following principles: firstly, it must have high enough osmosis pressure to insure higher osmosis driving force; secondly, draw solution should be easy to recycle by concentrating and reseparating so that to insure acquiring pure water and reutilization; thirdly, it should be nontoxic, cheap, stable, and it would not destroy membrane by chemical means like dissolution and physical means like pollution. Forward osmosis is a kind of very potential technology which is friendly to environment, and it is promising in the field of seawater desalting [1], sewage purification [2], food, medicine, energy and so on [3][4].…”