“…The monitoring of drug removal was carried out by fluorescence analysis using quantum dots (CDs), which are fluorescent materials with quasi-spherical form and are approximately 10 nm in size. CDs have been commonly used in a broad range of applications, including drug delivery ( Yuan et al 2017 ), bioimaging ( Damarla et al 2020 ), photocatalysis ( Fernando et al 2015 ), and as sensors ( Cui et al 2017 ) due to their unique optical properties, high photostability, low toxicity, biocompatibility, and inexpensive nature. Fluorescent sensors are often used to detect many ions owing to their simplicity and sensitivity.…”