Dermal white adipose tissue: a new component of the thermogenic response

Alexander, Caroline M.; Kasza, Ildikó; Yen, C-L; Reeder, Scott B.; Hernando, Diego; Gallo, Richard L.; Jahoda, Colin A.B.; Horsley, Valerie; MacDougald, Ormond A.

doi:10.1194/jlr.r062893

Cited by 102 publications

(109 citation statements)

References 76 publications

(94 reference statements)

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“…Adipocytes accumulate in the skin below the dermis (dermal WAT, referred to here as "dWAT") and play a critical role in dermal homeostasis (Alexander et al 2015;Kruglikov and Scherer 2016). This relatively unexplored depot expands in response to cold exposure, wounding, and bacterial infection.…”

Section: Maintenance and Expansion Of Wat In Adultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Sorting out adipocyte precursors and their role in physiology and disease

2017

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The ability to maintain and expand the pool of adipocytes in adults is integral to the regulation of energy balance, tissue/stem cell homeostasis, and disease pathogenesis. For decades, our knowledge of adipocyte precursors has relied on cellular models. The identity of native adipocyte precursors has remained unclear. Recent studies have identified distinct adipocyte precursor populations that are physiologically regulated and contribute to the development, maintenance, and expansion of adipocyte pools in mice. With new tools available, the properties of adipocyte precursors can now be defined, and the regulation and function of adipose plasticity in development and physiology can be explored.Adipocytes ("fat cells") are critical regulators of several aspects of normal physiology, including energy balance, nutrient homeostasis, and tissue homeostasis (Rosen and Spiegelman 2014). White adipocytes represent the principle site for energy storage in mammals. These cells accumulate excess energy in the form of intracellular triglycerides packaged into large single lipid droplets. White adipocytes are also endocrine cells; adipocytes secrete numerous hormones and cytokines that impact several aspects of physiology, including nutrient homeostasis, inflammation, and reproductive biology (Ouchi et al.

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Section: Maintenance and Expansion Of Wat In Adultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Sorting out adipocyte precursors and their role in physiology and disease

2017

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“…Although much fat is found deeper in the body of mice, mice display a layer of fat in the skin presently referred to as dermal adipose tissue (3,18,34). Indeed, the absence of this fat layer (caused by ablation of the syndecan-1 gene) makes mice susceptible to cold, and the thickness of this fat layer is doubled by acclimation to 23 vs. 30°C (32).…”

Section: Acclimation Temperature Does Not Affect Insulationmentioning

confidence: 99%

No insulating effect of obesity

Fischer

Csikasz

Essen

et al. 2016

American Journal of Physiology-Endocrinology and Metabolism

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The development of obesity may be aggravated if obesity itself insulates against heat loss and thus diminishes the amount of food burnt for body temperature control. This would be particularly important under normal laboratory conditions where mice experience a chronic cold stress (at Ϸ20°C). We used Scholander plots (energy expenditure plotted against ambient temperature) to examine the insulation (thermal conductance) of mice, defined as the inverse of the slope of the Scholander curve at subthermoneutral temperatures. We verified the method by demonstrating that shaved mice possessed only half the insulation of nonshaved mice. We examined a series of obesity models [mice fed high-fat diets and kept at different temperatures, classical diet-induced obese mice, ob/ob mice, and obesity-prone (C57BL/6) vs. obesityresistant (129S) mice]. We found that neither acclimation temperature nor any kind or degree of obesity affected the thermal insulation of the mice when analyzed at the whole mouse level or as energy expenditure per lean weight. Calculation per body weight erroneously implied increased insulation in obese mice. We conclude that, in contrast to what would be expected, obesity of any kind does not increase thermal insulation in mice, and therefore, it does not in itself aggravate the development of obesity. It may be discussed as to what degree of effect excess adipose tissue has on insulation in humans and especially whether significant metabolic effects are associated with insulation in humans. obesity; insulation; ob/ob DESPITE THE PRESENT INTEREST IN METABOLISM in connection with the global obesity epidemic, there is little knowledge concerning the extent to which obesity as such affects metabolism. There is widespread interest in issues such as the release of adipokines from adipose tissue depots, but many basic issues, such as the ability of adipose tissue to affect metabolism physically, have been little examined. One of these issues is the question of the ability of adipose tissue to function as a thermal insulation barrier, decreasing the heat loss from the organism and in this way decreasing the amount of energy needed to keep the organism warm, thereby increasing the amount of excess energy prone to storage in the form of (additional) fat.Whether an insulating effect of obesity exists is of significance both for humans and for animal models of obesity. However, with regard to experimental animals, the issue of insulation is of further interest. This is because most metabolic experiments are conducted with mice kept under conditions (standard laboratory conditions of Ϸ21°C) that are principally cold for the mouse (10,19,27,37,38,42,44) and thus where a high proportion of total metabolism (nearly half) is devoted to counteracting the resulting heat loss. This is a condition very different from that which is relevant for the metabolic physiology of most humans (living in a thermoneutral environment). Thus, under the current experimental conditions for mice, an insulating effect of increasing obesit...

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“…In humans, the subcutaneous adipose tissue depots (SAT) comprise cranial, facial, abdominal, femoral and gluteal depots and are believed to serve as protection against mechanical damage and heat loss, although recent studies have demonstrated that dermal adipose tissue is primarily responsible for insulation (Alexander et al, 2015;Kasza et al, 2014). Intra-abdominal triglycerides are stored in the omentum as well as retroperitoneally and viscerally (visceral white adipose tissue, VAT), where VAT functions to shield organs.…”

Section: Adipose Tissue Depotsmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Dermal adipocytes form a stand-alone depot, distinct from SAT ( Fig. 1) (Driskell et al, 2014;Festa et al, 2011), with potential functions in hair follicle cycling, wound healing and bacterial infection (Alexander et al, 2015;Festa et al, 2011;Marangoni et al, 2015;Zhang et al, 2015). Further studies are needed to elucidate the metabolic role of dermal adipose tissue.…”

Section: Adipose Tissue Depotsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Heterogeneity of adipose tissue in development and metabolic function

Schoettl

Fischer

Ussar

2018

Journal of Experimental Biology

169

139

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Adipose tissue is a central metabolic organ. Unlike other organs, adipose tissue is compartmentalized into individual depots and distributed throughout the body. These different adipose depots show major functional differences and risk associations for developing metabolic syndrome. Recent advances in lineage tracing demonstrate that individual adipose depots are composed of adipocytes that are derived from distinct precursor populations, giving rise to different populations of energy-storing white adipocytes. Moreover, distinct lineages of energy-dissipating brown and beige adipocytes exist in discrete depots or within white adipose tissue depots. In this Review, we discuss developmental and functional heterogeneity, as well as sexual dimorphism, between and within individual adipose tissue depots. We highlight current data relating to the differences between subcutaneous and visceral white adipose tissue in the development of metabolic dysfunction, with special emphasis on adipose tissue expansion and remodeling of the extracellular matrix. Moreover, we provide a detailed overview of adipose tissue development as well as the consensus and controversies relating to adult adipocyte precursor populations.

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Dermal white adipose tissue: a new component of the thermogenic response

Cited by 102 publications

References 76 publications

Sorting out adipocyte precursors and their role in physiology and disease

Sorting out adipocyte precursors and their role in physiology and disease

No insulating effect of obesity

Heterogeneity of adipose tissue in development and metabolic function

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