Dermal microdialysis of inflammatory markers induced by aliphatic hydrocarbons in rats

Abstract

In the present study we made an attempt to understand the skin irritation cascade of selected aliphatic hydrocarbons using microdialysis technique. Microdialysis probes were inserted into dermis in the dorsal skin of hairless rats. After 2 h of probes insertion, occlusive dermal exposure (2 h) was carried out with 230 μl of nonane, dodecane and tetradecane, using Hill top chambers ® . Inflammatory biomarkers such as substance P (SP), α-melanocyte stimulating hormone (α-MSH) Interleukin 6 (IL-6) and prostaglandin E2 (PGE 2 ) were analyzed in the dialysis samples by enzyme immunoassay (EIA). SP, α-MSH and IL6 were released in significant amounts following the dermal exposure of nonane and dodecane, whereas tetradecane did not induce any of these markers in significant amounts compared to control. Nonane increased the PGE 2 levels in significant amounts within 2 h of chemical exposure compared to dodecane and tetradecane. IL-6 response was found to be slow and 2-3-fold increase in IL-6 levels was observed after 5 h following nonane and dodecane application. The magnitude of skin irritation exerted by all three chemicals was in the order of nonane ≥ dodecane ≥ tetradecane. The results demonstrate that microdialysis can be used to measure the inflammatory biomarkers in the skin irritation studies and irritation response of chemicals was quantifiable by this method. In conclusion, microdialysis was found to be an excellent tool to measure several inflammatory biomarkers as a function of time after dermal exposures with irritant chemicals.

Dermal Microdialysis Technique to Evaluate the Trafficking of Surface-Modified Lipid Nanoparticles upon Topical Application

“…The outlet was connected to microfraction collector (CMA/142, CMA microdialysis, North Chelmsford, MA, USA). The laboratory MD experimental set up with descriptive figure is reported in our prior publications (17-18). Prior to recovery experiments, dialysis probes were equilibrated by perfusing with 50% ethanol for 30 min, followed by deionized water for 15 min and finally with 0.5% (w/v) volpo-20 in Krebs-Ringer solution for 30 min.…”

“…The needle was carefully inserted in the skin so that the needle can be visible through the superficial skin layer. Our laboratory has reported the effect of probe depths on the skin permeation of active drugs (17-18). Therefore to examine the probe depth, the rat was sacrificed at the end of the study and the full thickness sections of the collected skin were taken using cryotome and were observed with microscope.…”

“…Being selective COX-2 inhibitor, Cxb suppresses prostanoid production involved in pain and inflammation (16). Furthermore, IL-6 is a multifunctional cytokine produced in skin damage like inflammatory conditions and plays a central role in modulating immunity (17). Therefore we have examined the effect of pre-treatment of Cxb containing formulations on the expression of prostaglandin E2 (PGE 2 ) and IL-6 levels after application of xylene, an irritant chemical which is among the 30 most abundantly produced chemicals in the United States and is also found in petroleum mixtures (18).…”

Microdialysis of Inflammatory Mediators in the Skin: A Review

“…In an attempt to understand the skin irritation cascade induced by selected aliphatic hydrocarbons, microdialysis was applied to the skin of hairless rats (43). The contents of substance P, alpha-melanocyte stimulating hormone, interleukin (IL)-6 and PgE2 were analysed after dermal exposure to nonane, dodecane and tetradecane.…”

Crosstalk the Microdialysis in Scientific Research: from Principle to its Applications

“…Patlolla et al [76] applied the nonane, dodecane and tetradecane in SD rat dorsal skin to hair stimulation. By combining the skin microdialysis method with the enzyme immunoassay could determine the local inflammatory skin reaction four kinds of inflammatory markers like SP, a-MSH, IL6 and PGE2 changes.…”