Derived Motives

Bolles, Robert C.; Moot, Seward A.

doi:10.1146/annurev.ps.23.020172.000411

Cited by 17 publications

(7 citation statements)

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“…Thus, the rat anticipates food at those times of day which predict the availability of food and not at other times. We therefore suggest that time of day acts as a predictive cue (Bolles & Moot, 1972) to motivate food-related behavior. Two questions remain.…”

Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 98%

The rat's anticipation of two meals a day.

Bolles¹,

Moot²

1973

Journal of Comparative and Physiological Psychology

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Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 98%

The rat's anticipation of two meals a day.

Bolles¹,

Moot²

1973

Journal of Comparative and Physiological Psychology

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“…One of the prominent researchers of the day went so far as to say that identifying the factors responsible for the initiation and termination of these specific bouts of behavior would be the central problem for experimental psychologists to understand (Richter, 1927). Over the years there have been numerous theories of motivation put forth (Bolles & Moot, 1972; Hebb, 1955; Hull, 1943; Young, 1961), each of which has been influential in stimulating what has been a continuous stream of experiments and research on this topic. There exist excellent reviews of many of these theories and concepts (Berridge, 2004).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Neural substrates underlying effort, time, and risk-based decision making in motivated behavior

Bailey

Simpson

Balsam

2016

Neurobiology of Learning and Memory

104

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All mobile organisms rely on adaptive motivated behavior to overcome the challenges of living in an environment in which essential resources may be limited. A variety of influences ranging from an organism’s environment, experiential history, and physiological state all influence a cost-benefit analysis which allows motivation to energize behavior and direct it toward specific goals. Here we review the substantial amount of research aimed at discovering the interconnected neural circuits which allow organisms to carry-out the cost-benefit computations which allow them to behave in adaptive ways. We specifically focus on how the brain deals with different types of costs, including effort requirements, delays to reward and payoff riskiness. An examination of this broad literature highlights the importance of the extended neural circuits which enable organisms to make decisions about these different types of costs. This involves Cortical Structures, including the Anterior Cingulate Cortex (ACC), the Orbital Frontal Cortex (OFC), the Infralimbic Cortex (IL), and prelimbic Cortex (PL), as well as the Baso-Lateral Amygdala (BLA), the Nucleus Accumbens (Nacc), the Ventral Pallidal (VP), the Sub Thalamic Nucleus (STN) among others. Some regions are involved in multiple aspects of cost-benefit computations while the involvement of other regions is restricted to information relating to specific types of costs.

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“…Bartoshuk, 1971). Subsequent research has shown, however, that the relationships involved are more complex than previously thought, and several reviews of the literature have indicated that at present the evidence is inconclusive (Bolles and Moot, 1972;Kling and Schrier, 1971;Neuringer, 1967).…”

mentioning

confidence: 99%

EFFECTS OF REINFORCEMENT MAGNITUDE ON INTERVAL AND RATIO SCHEDULES¹

Lowe

Davey

Harzem

1974

J Exper Analysis Behavior

104

123

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Rats' lever pressing was studied on three schedules of reinforcement: fixed interval, response-initiated fixed interval, and fixed ratio. In testing, concentration of the milk reinforcer was varied within each session. On all schedules, duration of the postreinforcement pause was an increasing function of the concentration of the preceding reinforcer. The running rate (response rate calculated by excluding the postreinforcement pauses) increased linearly as a function of the preceding magnitude of reinforcement on fixed interval, showed slight increases for two of the three animals on response-initiated fixed interval, and did not change systematically on fixed ratio. In all cases, the overall response rate either declined or showed no effect of concentration. The major effect of increasing the reinforcement magnitude was in determining the duration of the following postreinforcement pause, and changes in the response rate reflected this main effect.

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Derived Motives

Cited by 17 publications

References 0 publications

The rat's anticipation of two meals a day.

The rat's anticipation of two meals a day.

Neural substrates underlying effort, time, and risk-based decision making in motivated behavior

EFFECTS OF REINFORCEMENT MAGNITUDE ON INTERVAL AND RATIO SCHEDULES¹

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Derived Motives

Cited by 17 publications

References 0 publications

The rat's anticipation of two meals a day.

The rat's anticipation of two meals a day.

Neural substrates underlying effort, time, and risk-based decision making in motivated behavior

EFFECTS OF REINFORCEMENT MAGNITUDE ON INTERVAL AND RATIO SCHEDULES1

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EFFECTS OF REINFORCEMENT MAGNITUDE ON INTERVAL AND RATIO SCHEDULES¹