Derived Motives

Appley, M H

doi:10.1146/annurev.ps.21.020170.002413

Cited by 12 publications

(4 citation statements)

References 69 publications

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“…The problems of drive stem principally from the growing evidence that whereas drive states as conventionally defined are neither necessary nor sufficient to launch sequences of goal-directed behavior, expectations that the behavior will lead to an incentive are both necessary and sufficient (Binclra, 1968(Binclra, , 1974Holies, 1967;Klinger, 1971). Dissatisfaction with the drive concept is thus widening (see also Appley, 1970;Atkinson, 1964;Cofer & Appley, 1964). Although drive states affect activity levels (Bindra, 1968), determine the attractiveness of at least certain kinds of incentives (such as food) at the point of consummation, and generate internal stimuli, by themselves they do not instigate instrumental behavior or the content of fantasy and dreams.…”

Section: Central Status Of Incentive Inmentioning

confidence: 99%

Consequences of commitment to and disengagement from incentives.

Klinger

1975

Psychological Review

881

595

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Behavior and experience are organized around the enjoyment and pursuit of incentives. During the time that an incentive is behaviorally salient, an organism is especially responsive to incentive-related cues. This sustained sensitivity requires postulating a continuing state (denoted by a construct, current concern) with a definite onset (commitment) and offset (consummation or disengagement).Disengagement follows frustration, accompanies the behavioral process of extinction, and involves an incentivedisengagement cycle of invigoration, aggression, depression, and recovery. Depression is thus a normal part of disengagement that may be either adaptive or maladaptive for the individual but is probably adaptive for the species. The theory offers implications for motivation; etiology, symptomatology, and treatment of depression; drug use; and other social problem areas.

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Section: Central Status Of Incentive Inmentioning

confidence: 99%

Consequences of commitment to and disengagement from incentives.

Klinger

1975

Psychological Review

881

595

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“…A completely adequate treatment of this complexity is well beyond the scope of the present article. The interested reader is referred to Appley's (1970) review article for a more detailed critique of drive and arousal constructs. Consideration of the issues here will be much more limited.…”

Section: Instigation Of Matching-to-standardmentioning

confidence: 99%

A cybernetic model of self-attention processes.

Carver

1979

Journal of Personality and Social Psychology

348

236

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An analysis of the experiential and behavioral consequences of self-directed attention is proposed, based on cybernetic or information-processing ideas. The proposed model includes the following assumptions: When attention is directed to environmental stimuli, those stimuli are analyzed and categorized according to the person's preexisting recognitory schemas. Self-directed attention often leads to a similar analysis of ^//-information; experientially, such a state of self-focus comprises an enhanced awareness of one's salient self-aspects. In some cases categorization-either of one's context or of some self-elementelicits a response schema, which constitutes a behavioral standard. If a prior categorization has evoked such a behavioral standard, subsequent self-attention engages an automatic sequence in which behavior is altered to conform more closely with the standard. This matching-to-standard is construed as the occurrence within a psychological system of a test-operate-test-exit unit or a negative feedback loop-a cybernetic construct applicable to many different phenomena both within and outside of psychology. More specifically, self-focus when a standard is salient is seen as the "test" or comparison phase of that feedback loop. If the matching-to-standard process is interrupted by one of several specified classes of events, subsequent behavior depends on an outcome expectancy judgment. A favorable outcome expectancy causes a return to the matching-to-standard attempt; an unfavorable expectancy results in behavioral withdrawal. Research support for the model is discussed, and comparisons are made with self-awareness theory, Bandura's theory of fear-based behavior, helplessness theory, and social comparison theory. Psychological theorizing in this century has been characterized by the occasional emergence of quite general theories of behavior (such as psychoanalytic theory and learning theory), with intervening periods in which no general theory has seemed universally applicable and problem-specific theories instead have predominated. In recent years yet another general approach to understanding behavior has begun to coalesce, an approach usually identified with the terms informationprocessing, cybernetic, or control theory (e.g.,

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“…The present experiment attempts to examine this possibility with regard to the heart rate level and hours of deprivation relation described by Belanger and Feldman (1962) and others. Reviews of experiments concerned with heart rate and deprivation can be found in Appley (1970), Belanger (1967), Rlevings (1971), Campbell and Misanin (1969), and Malmo and Belanger (1967.The present study examines activity levels and behaviour patterns (grooming and rearing) for the influences on heart rate suggested by Vanderwolf and Vanderwart (1970). In addition, an attempt is made to assess the role of activity in reinforcement-related phasic heart rate patterns of the type obtained by Ehrlich and Malmo (1967).…”

mentioning

confidence: 86%

Section: Vanderwolf and Vanderwart (1970) Observed That Heart Rate Re...mentioning

confidence: 99%

Relations of heart rate level to motor activity and food deprivation in the rat.

Blevings¹

1973

Canadian Journal of Psychology / Revue canadienne de psychologi

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Heart rate, an activity index, and duration of grooming and rearing episodes were measured in rats which lever-pressed under either continuous or variable interval schedules of reinforcement while undergoing increasing levels of food deprivation. The results showed heart rate level did not change with increasing deprivation in lever pressing animals and did not seem to be influenced by activity levels or behaviour patterns such as rearing or grooming. Extinction produced a decrease in heart rate level, though behaviour became more invigorated. Observations of phasic heart rate and activity curves associated with instrumental lever responses are also presented. The data are discussed in relation to studies showing heart rate-deprivation functions and heart rate-movement associations. VANDERWOLF AND VANDERWART (1970) observed that heart rate recorded in rats under conditions of satiation and food deprivation was associatedwith phasic movements or erectness of posture. It was found that heart rate was higher during face washing, licking, and rearing, than during scratching, walking, and resting. Food deprivation up to 47 hours had no effect on heart rate measured during these various specific categories of behaviour. Vanderwolf and Vanderwart (1970) suggest that many of the studies relating heart rate in the rat to learning, motivation, arousal, etc. may be demonstrating only the effects of changes in these specific motor patterns on heart rate. The present experiment attempts to examine this possibility with regard to the heart rate level and hours of deprivation relation described by Belanger and Feldman (1962) and others. Reviews of experiments concerned with heart rate and deprivation can be found in Appley (1970), Belanger (1967), Rlevings (1971), Campbell and Misanin (1969), and Malmo and Belanger (1967.The present study examines activity levels and behaviour patterns (grooming and rearing) for the influences on heart rate suggested by Vanderwolf and Vanderwart (1970). In addition, an attempt is made to assess the role of activity in reinforcement-related phasic heart rate patterns of the type obtained by Ehrlich and Malmo (1967).

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Derived Motives

Cited by 12 publications

References 69 publications

Consequences of commitment to and disengagement from incentives.

Consequences of commitment to and disengagement from incentives.

A cybernetic model of self-attention processes.

Relations of heart rate level to motor activity and food deprivation in the rat.

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