A cybernetic model of self-attention processes.

Carver, Charles S.

doi:10.1037/0022-3514.37.8.1251

Cited by 348 publications

(261 citation statements)

References 91 publications

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“…Social presence effects are often attributed to attention shifting from an external to an internal focus (Carver, 1979;Carver & Scheier, 1981;Duval & Wicklund, 1972;Van Rompay et al, 2009) where this internal focus leads to impression management. In this theoretical context, the additional time and engaging task could be seen as engendering a shift back to an external focus.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Wearable computing: Will it make people prosocial?

Nasiopoulos

Risko

Foulsham

et al. 2014

British J of Psychology

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We recently reported that people who wear an eye tracker modify their natural looking behaviour in a prosocial manner. This change in looking behaviour represents a potential concern for researchers who wish to use eye trackers to understand the functioning of human attention. On the other hand, it may offer a real boon to manufacturers and consumers of wearable computing (e.g., Google Glass), for if wearable computing causes people to behave in a prosocial manner, then the public's fear that people with wearable computing will invade their privacy is unfounded. Critically, both of these divergent implications are grounded on the assumption that the prosocial behavioural effect of wearing an eye tracker is sustained for a prolonged period of time. Our study reveals that on the very first wearing of an eye tracker, and in less than 10 minutes, the prosocial effect of an eye tracker is abolished, but by drawing attention back to the eye tracker the implied presence effect is easily reactivated. This suggests that eye trackers induce a transient social presence effect which is rendered dormant when attention is shifted away from the source of implied presence. This is good news for researchers who use eye trackers to measure attention and behaviour; and could be bad news for advocates of wearable computing in everyday life.Words:217

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Wearable computing: Will it make people prosocial?

Nasiopoulos

Risko

Foulsham

et al. 2014

British J of Psychology

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Section: The Uncontrollability Modelmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…As Carver (1979) suggested, the "impulse to withdraw is basic to a wide variety of helplessness effects" (p. 1276). However, Carver also noted that many helplessness paradigms have failed to include opportunities for physical withdrawal.…”

Section: The Uncontrollability Modelmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…When physical withdrawal is prevented, he argued, subjects may engage in cognitive withdrawal-a mental dissociation from the task. The decreased learning found in many helplessness studies could be regarded as evidence of this cognitive withdrawal (Carver, 1979).Submissiveness is another behavior that has been linked to perceived uncontrollability. Locus of control theorists explicitly draw connections between submissiveness and perceived uncontrollability (Lefcourt, 1976).…”

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confidence: 99%

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Changing the world and changing the self: A two-process model of perceived control.

Rothbaum

Weisz²,

Snyder³

1982

Journal of Personality and Social Psychology

1,760

1,282

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There is extensive evidence that people strongly value and are reluctant to relinquish the perception of control. Yet, both helplessness and locus of control theorists interpret various "inward" behaviors (passivity, withdrawal, and submissiveness) as signs of relinquished perceived control. As evidence, they note that inward behavior frequently is accompanied by causal attributions to limited ability, chance, and powerful others-all attributions that suggest uncontrollability. In contrast, we claim,that these attributions and the behaviors to which they relate may often reflect a type of perceived control that is generally overlooked. People attempt to gain control not only by bringing the environment into line with their wishes (primary control) but also by bringing themselves into line with environmental forces (secondary control). Four manifestations of secondary control are considered: (a) Attributions to severely, limited ability can serve to enhance predictive control and to protect against disappointment. Passive and withdrawn behaviors reflect the attempt to inhibit unfulfillable expectations, (b) Attributions to chance can reflect illusory control, since people often construe chance as a personal characteristic akin to an ability ("luck"). Individuals who make attributions to chance may exhibit passivity and withdrawal in skill situations, reserving energy and emotional investment for situations that allow them to capitalize on their perceived strength-that is, being lucky, (c) Attributions to powerful others permit vicarious control when the individual identifies with these others. Submission to a powerful leader, a group, or a deity sometimes enables the individual to join in their power, (d) All of the preceding attributions may foster interpretive control, in which the individual seeks to understand and derive meaning from otherwise uncontrollable events in order to accept them. When perceived control is recognized in both its primary and secondary forms, a broad range of inward behaviors can be seen as efforts to sustain rather than relinquish the perception of control.Factor analytic studies with children (reviewed in Achenbach & Edelbrock, 1978) and systematic observations of adults (e.g., Beck, 1967;Marks, 1977) have identified a This article was funded in part by National Institute of Mental Health Grant 1-RO1-MH-34210-01.The authors are indebted to Camille Wortman for her unusually thorough review of a draft of this article. Her comments added depth and clarity to many of the Central points.Requests for reprints should be sent to Fred Rothbaum, Department of Child Study, Tufts University, Medford, Massachusetts 02155. set of interrelated problem behaviors including passivity, withdrawal, and submissiveness (hereafter referred to as inward behavior). The popularity of the learned helplessness model (Abramson, Seligman, & Teasdale, 1978;Seligman, 1975) is due largely to its lucid account of at least some of these seemingly maladaptive behaviors (especially passivity and withdrawal). Adherents o...

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“…Thus, self-focus seems to make the task important enough to justify high effort investment [11]. According to theories on self-awareness [12,13], self-focused attention initiates a self-standard comparison and -in case of discrepancies between actual self and salient standardaccelerates activity aimed at discrepancy reduction. These facilitating effects on goal-directed behavior are only expected when outcome expectancies are favorable, though.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%